Table I.

Overview on the cardiovascular protective properties of cinnamon

Cinnamon	Dose used	Case	Results	Reference
Cinnamomum burmannii 60 g/1 l water, heated at 100°C for 30 min	100 ml/day, oral single dose	30 non-diabetic cases (20–53 years)	Slightly decreased postprandial blood glucose after 2 h	Bernardo et al., 2015 [68]
Cinnamomum burmannii Extract Herbilogy®	2, 4, and 8 mg/kg B.W, orally for 28 days	30 male, Swiss Webster mice on a high-fat diet	Decreased total cholesterol	Pulungan and Pane, 2020 [69]
Cinnamomum burmannii Fine powder	2 g per day, 8 weeks	36 women aged more than 18 years, rheumatoid arthritis pre- and postmenopausal	Significant decrease in serum TNF-α, CRP, diastolic blood pressure and swollen joint count, and blood pressure	Shishehbor et al., 2018 [70]
Cinnamomum cassia Bark	1.5 g for 60 days	99 type 2 diabetic patients	Reduced HbA1c, glucose, triglyceride, TG/HDL-C ratio, BP, and increased HDL and eGFR	Sengsuk et al., 2016 [53]
Cinnamomum cassia Spray-dried aqueous extract	250 mg twice a day, 2 months	137 Chinese, mean age 61 years, fasting serum glucose: > 6.1 mmol/l	Reduced fasting insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL, improved insulin sensitivity	Anderson et al., 2016 [41]
Cinnamomum verum Bark powder	3 g/day, 8 weeks	99 women with dyslipidemia	Reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL, BW, BMI	Pishdad et al., 2018 [71]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	85, 250, and 500 mg aqueous for 3 months	28 healthy subjects	Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and cholesterol. Renal and liver function, fasting blood glucose, HDL-c, VDL-d, and triglycerides were in the normal range, no changes in the anthropometric parameters	Ranasinghe et al., 2017 [72]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bark powder	Three capsules of 500 mg/daily for 8 weeks	84 polycystic ovary syndrome women	Increased total antioxidant capacity and Malondialdehyde decreased. Improved total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL	Borzoei et al., 2018 [73]
Iranian cinnamon powder	3 g/day8 weeks	39 type 2 diabetes patients, body mass index 27.7	No significant effect in reduction of NF-κB, SIRT1, hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α	Davari et al., 2020 [74]
Cinnamic acid	30 mg/kg/day for 7 weeks	Rats fed high-fat diet	Anti-obesity and cardioprotective	Mnafgui et al. (2015) [65]
Cinnamaldehyde	50 mg/kg for 7 weeks	Cardiac hypertrophy-induced mice by aortic banding	Improve cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis	Yang et al. (2015) [40]
Cinnamaldehyde	10–100 µM	Isolated rat aortae subjected to vascular damage by methylglyoxal	Vasculoprotective effects	Tarkhan et al. (2018) [55]
Cinnamon powder	1000 mg/kg, 16 months	Type 2 diabetes cases	Preventing cardiac ischemia	Crawford et al. (2018) [70]
Cinnamon extract	500 mg/kg, 2 months	Type 2 diabetes cases	Decreased TC, HDL, LDL	Anderson et al. (2016) [41]