Table 3.

Impact of the ACA Medicaid Expansion on Child Development and Family Functioning Among Children from High-Income Households (> $50,000 Annual Household Income)

A. Academic Outcomes	Reading Scores	Math Scores
	(1)	(2)
Expansion	0.410	0.026
	(0.519)	(0.662)
Mean of DV	73.21	54.92
Observations (Child-year)	27,190	27,190
Observations (Child)	5,760	5,760
R-squared	0.908	0.934
B. Socioemotional Outcomes	Externalizing Problems	Internalizing Problems	Social Skills
	(1)	(2)	(3)
Expansion	−0.000	−0.001	−0.005
	(0.016)	(0.012)	(0.019)
Mean of DV	1.541	1.445	3.250
Observations (Child-year)	25,390	25,340	25,220
Observations (Child)	5,600	5,600	5,610
R-squared	0.016	0.008	0.001
C. Family Functioning	ReaReading Outside School	PaParental Help with Homework	Dinner Together (4 days or more in a week)
	(1)	(2)	(3)
Expansion	−0.235	−0.188*	−0.013
	(0.577)	(0.086)	(0.016)
Mean of DV	17.93	3.180	0.887
Observations (Child-year)	22,730	18,190	22,250
Observations (Child)	5,590	5,590	5,690
R-squared	0.111	0.176	0.013

Notes: Each column of each panel corresponds to a different OLS regression model. Each model includes wave and child fixed effects, state-level covariates, and sampling weights. Expansion represents β₁ from equation (1), estimated for sub-sample of higher-income (> $50,000 annual household income) households only, and measures the average effect of the Medicaid expansions after it took place. Mean of each dependent variable (DV) provides the within-child average of the DV after controlling for just wave fixed effects. Heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors, in parentheses, are clustered at the state level. Sample sizes are rounded to the nearest 10 as per dataset guidelines.

^~p < 0.10

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.001.