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. 2024 May 6;27(6):1125–1136. doi: 10.1038/s41593-024-01634-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a, Representative SAβGal colorimetric assay (blue), p53 (brown) or p16 (brown) immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin (H; purple) counterstaining on FCDII samples (left to right: patient ID 10 (wider field of view), patient ID 3 and patient ID 14 and epilepsy control samples (left to right: patient ID 15 (wider field of view), patient ID 15 and patient ID 16)). b, SAβGal colorimetric assay (blue), SMI311 (brown) or VIM (brown) immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin and eosin (H, purple; E, pink) counterstaining on a FCDIIb sample (patient ID 8, slice 3) used for MEA recordings in a region with SMI311⁺ DNs (left), VIM⁺ BCs (middle) or without pathogenic cells (right). c, SAβGal colorimetric assay (blue) and pS6 (brown) immunohistochemistry on (left) MTOR-related FCDIIb (patient ID 3) and (right) PIK3CA-related HME/IIa (patient ID 13). d, VAF in n = 3 pools of n = 70–80 microdissected SAβGal⁺/pS6⁺ cytomegalic cells per pool from one MTOR-related FCDIIb (patient 3) and one PIK3CA-related HME/IIa (patient ID 13). Each dot indicates a biological replicate. Scatter dot plots are presented as mean ± s.e.m.

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