Table 4. Comparison of blood gas parameters according to survival status and death duration of calves with diarrhea.
| Variables | Survived (n = 49) | Died (n = 38) | p valuef | Died (≤ 24 h) (n = 18) | Died (> 24 h) (n = 20) | p valuef | Reference range [15,28,30] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | 7.28 ± 0.16a | 7.08 ± 0.27b | < 0.001*** | 7.09 ± 0.16 | 7.10 ± 0.23 | 0.918 | 7.35–7.48 |
| pCO2 (mmHg) | 44.46 ± 9.88 | 48.92 ± 16.63 | 0.127 | 56.20 ± 19.11a | 44.33 ± 13.80b | 0.047* | 34.0–45.0 |
| pO2 (mmHg) | 30.00 (26.00–34.75) | 29.50 (25.00–37.50) | 0.443 | 28.33 ± 10.17 | 35.50 ± 12.58 | 0.086 | 36.0–46.5 |
| Na+ (mmol/L) | 134.00 (129.00–139.00)a | 140.00 (136.00–142.00)b | 0.015* | 139.00 ± 5.53 | 141.72 ± 12.44 | 0.439 | 136.5–142.4 |
| K+ (mmol/L) | 5.63 ± 1.21 | 5.80 ± 1.55 | 0.581 | 5.99 ± 1.61 | 5.74 ± 1.34 | 0.620 | 4.1–5.6 |
| iCa+2 (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.26 | 1.26 ± 0.22 | 0.334 | 1.22 ± 0.20 | 1.31 ± 0.25 | 0.265 | 1.17–1.37 |
| CI− (mmol/L) | 92.16 ± 6.85 | 99.55 ± 9.18 | < 0.001*** | 95.07 ± 5.17a | 101.33 ± 9.58b | 0.041* | 94.5–105.2 |
| cLactate (mmol/L) | 2.60 (1.60–4.80)a | 6.45 (2.32–11.25)b | 0.002** | 9.0 (6.20–12.60)a | 2.50 (2.0–10.35)b | 0.005** | 0.5–2.0 |
| cHCO3 −(P) (mmol/L) | 21.10 ± 6.92a | 16.55 ± 8.10b | 0.007** | 16.64 ± 5.81 | 15.23 ± 9.13 | 0.610 | 24.0–33.9 |
| cBE (mmol/L) | −5.39 ± 9.14a | −12.80 ± 10.30b | 0.001** | −13.12 ± 7.84 | −14.52 ± 12.62 | 0.711 | 2.6–10.8 |
| −2.35 (−12.50 to 1.37) | −10.90 (−21.93 to −6.93) | −10.50 (−18.50 to −8.60) | −12.50 (−24.45 to −1.20) | ||||
| ctCO2(B) (mmol/L) | 20.24 ± 6.36a | 16.32 ± 7.41b | 0.010* | 16.77 ± 5.81 | 14.87 ± 8.14 | 0.441 | NR |
| cCa2 +(7.40) | 1.18 ± 0.11a | 1.09 ± 0.11b | 0.012* | 1.09 ± 0.25 | 1.08 ± 0.09 | 0.982 | NR |
| SIDc | 46.00 (44.05–49.90) | 48.09 (41.64–51.52) | 0.467 | 49.93 ± 5.61 | 45.85 ± 6.62 | 0.048 | 39.4–48.8 |
| Anion gap (mmol/L)d | 20.89 ± 7.52a | 25.35 ± 7.64b | 0.009** | 27.26 ± 5.65 | 24.94 ± 8.91 | 0.372 | 0.7–20.3 |
| Anion gap,K+ (mmol/L)e | 26.06 ± 8.67a | 31.16 ± 8.15b | 0.007** | 33.25 ± 6.17 | 30.69 ± 9.14 | 0.347 | |
| sO2 (%) | 50.06 ± 15.83a | 42.36 ± 18.58b | 0.043** | 33.07 ± 15.08a | 45.52 ± 18.02b | 0.042* | 61.28 ± 1.73 |
| ctO2 (Vol%) | 6.99 ± 3.01 | 6.57 ± 3.15 | 0.541 | 5.46 ± 3.72 | 7.08 ± 2.37 | 0.139 | 27.24 ± 1.26 |
The mean and standard deviation are presented for all data which passed normality testing. Variables that failed normality testing are presented as median (25th-75th percentile).
pCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; pO2, partial pressure of oxygen; Na+, natrium; K+, Potassium; iCa+2, ionized calcium; CI−, chlorine; cLactate, concentration of L-lactate in plasma; cHCO3 −(P), concentration of hydrogen carbonate in plasma (also termed actual bicarbonate); cBE, base excess in blood; ctCO2B, total carbon dioxide concentration in blood; SID, strong ion difference; sO2, Oxygen saturation; ctO2, concentration of total oxygen; cCa2+(7.40), concentration of calcium cations at pH: 7.40; NR, reference interval not reported.
a,bDifferent lowercase letters indicate differences between groups.
cSID calculated as: Na+ + K+ – Cl−.
dAnion gap is the quantity difference between cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions).
eAnion Gap,K+ (mmol/L) is difference between the concentration of the cations (sodium and potassium), and the measured anions (chloride and bicarbonate).
fBold styled p values indicate differences between groups.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.