Table 1.

The major pre-harvest managements of FUMs contamination.

Treatments		Application	Mechanisms of action	Application status	Reference
Agronomic practices	Crop rotation and tillage	Crops	Inhibiting fungal growth and then FB1 production	Already applied in field and partially successful	[40]
	Field conditions (Light, Temperature, aw, moisture)	Corn, rice and wheat	Regulating fungal growth and FUM expression	Scientifically conceivable and can be applied in field	[45], [46], [47]
	Insecticides	Maize	Inhibiting fungal growth and then FUMs production	Already applied in field but not recommended	[39]
Plant breeding	Bt maize hybrids	Maize	Less Fusarium infection and reduced fumonisin levels via reducing corn-borer damage	Already applied in field and partially successful	[20]
	Conventional breeding	Maize	Higher genetic resistance to FUMs contamination	Applied in the field and effective	[49]
	Molecular breeding	Maize	Increased resistance to fungi or FUMs	Scientifically conceivable with limited application in field	[34]
	Genomic selection	Maize	Improving Fusarium ear rot resistance	Scientifically conceivable with limited application in field	[51]
	Enriched flavonoids maize hybrid	Maize	Reduced appearance of Fusarium ear rot symptom and lower level of FUMs	Demonstrated experimentally	[52]
iological practices	“Fusaclean” and “Biofox C” (non-pathogenic F. oxysporum)	Vegetables	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Epic” and “Kodiak” (B. subtilis)	Cotton and legumes	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Intercept” (Pseudomonas cepacia)	Maize, vegetables and cotton	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Mycostop” (Streptomyces griseoviridis)	Ornamental and vegetables crops	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	T-22G and T-22HB (Trichoderma harziatum)	Grains, soya, cotton and vegetables	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Biofungus” (Trichoderma spp)	Citrus and pome fruit	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Blue circle (Burkholderia cepacia)	Vegetables	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Deny” (B. cepacia)	Grain crops	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	“Cedomon” and “Cerall” (Pseudomonas chlororaphis)	Wheat, rye and triticale	Inhibiting fungal growth	Already applied as seed coating	[20]
	Debaryomyces hansenii	Maize grains	Inhibiting growth and FB1 production	Already applied as seed coating	[60]
	Afla-Guard® (non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain (NRRL21882))	Maize seed	Reducing the frequency of F. verticillioides through competition for substrate or space, and consequently, fumonisin production	Already applied as seed coating	[58]
Biotechnology	HIGS/SIGS	Potential application in plant-derived food	Biosynthesis inhibition (FUM cluster regulation)	Scientifically conceivable and will be promising	[65], [71]