Table 2.

The major post-harvest managements of FUMs contamination.

Treatments		Food commodity	Mechanisms of action	Application status	Reference
Physical practices	Thermal processing	Corn flour, kernels, grits, maize-based meal and bread	Reducing FUMs through transformation or modification of	Demonstrated experimentally and partially successful in application	[76]
	Modified atmospheres (high CO2 and low O2 concentration)	Corn	Inhibiting fungal growth and FB1 production	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[89], [90]
	Milling	Corn grits	Redistributing the existing fumonisins into different fractions	Already applied and partially successful	[80]
	λ-irradiation	Corn	Hydrolysis and decomposing	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[82]
	Dehulling	Maize	Direct remove	Already applied and partially successful	[81]
	Cleaning and sorting	Maize	Direct remove	Already applied and partially successful	[81]
	Adsorbents	Animal feeds	Bind or reduce bioavailability	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[91]
Chemical practices	Essential oil	Not application in planta	Degrading fumonisin B1	Demonstrated experimentally and lack information for application	[106]
	Essential oils	Corn and foodstuff, maize grain	Inhibiting growth and then, FB1 production	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[104]
	Nixtamalization	maize meals	Alkaline hydrolysis of FBs	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[103]
Biological practices	Yeast	Animal Feed	Adsorption	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[20]
	Lactic acid bacteria	Maize meal and maize kernels	Adsorption or binding	Demonstrated experimentally and can be applied	[111]
	FUMzyme®	Maize, Feeds for pigs and poultry	FB esterase FumD: hydrolyze the tricarballylic acid groups	Already applied	[120], [121], [126]
	FumI	Potential application in food and feed	Aminotransferase: deaminating hydrolyzed fumonisin B1	Demonstrated experimentally and lack in vivo information	[123]
	AnFAO	Potential application in food and feed	Oxidatively deaminate intact fumonisins	Demonstrated experimentally and lack in vivo information	[122]