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. 2024 Jun 6;15:4826. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49244-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b The global distribution of the fraction of time when soil moisture (SM) is below θ_crit using satellite observed SM (median values from SMAP-IB, SCA-V and SMOS-IC) and ERA5-Land reanalysis SM during 2016–2020. c Annual time series of the fractions of time when SM is below θ_crit in regions with different fraction bins over 1979–2020. The trend (Sen’s slope) and its 95% confidence interval are detected using the nonparametric trend test technique (Mann–Kendall test; p < 0.05). The solid line shows the median value while the shading bounds the interval of the 25th to 75th percentiles. d Spatial patterns of the temporal trend in the fraction of time when SM is below θ_crit with white indicating those areas with no significant changes (Mann–Kendall test; p > 0.05) or >10% land cover changes during 1982–2016¹⁰⁰, and colored pixels indicating areas with significant trends (p < 0.05).