Table 2.
Oncogenic and tumor suppressive function of HOXA9 in cancer
| Cancer | Functional implications upon aberrant expression | References |
|---|---|---|
| HOXA9 as an oncogene | ||
| Colorectal cancer | Contributes to stem cell overpopulation, | [83, 84, 103] |
| Pancreatic cancer | Enhances the stem cell properties | [175] |
| Ovarian cancer | Contributes to the angiogenesis and generation of a microenvironment; Induces aggressive phenotype | [77, 81] |
| Leukemia | Promotes cell proliferation and survival; Reduces apoptosis | [92, 165] |
| Gastric cancer | Associated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging | [100] |
| Nasopharyngeal cancer | Associated with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging | [101] |
| Prostate cancer | Induction of metastatic phenotype | [104] |
| Osteosarcoma | Promotes proliferation and invasion | [21] |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | Promotes proliferation, invasiveness, and migration | [167] |
| Glioma | Promotes cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion; Inhibits apoptosis | [67, 95, 105] |
| HOXA9 as a tumor suppressive gene | ||
| Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | Downregulation of HOXA9 induces hypoxic response, angiogenesis, and tumor progression | [87, 90] |
| Cervical cancer | Downregulation of HOXA9 induces cell proliferation, migration and EMT | [19] |
| Breast cancer | Reduced levels of HOXA9 induces metastasis and aggressiveness | [98, 99] |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | Downregulation is correlated with disease recurrence; Promotes invasiveness | [66, 107, 163, 164] |
| High-Grade Non-Invasive Bladder Cancer | Promotes recurrence | [109] |
| Uveal melanoma | Promotes cell growth and migration | [168] |
| Lung adenocarcinoma | Associated with poor prognosis | [116] |