Table 3.

Comparison with other related work using liposomes or nanoparticles as labels for biosensing

Analyte	Encapsulant	Detection method	Assay type	LOD	Ref.
Inf B SARS-CoV-2 Inf A	mCL FCN RuHex	SWV	DNA hybridization	125 pmol L−1 130 pmol L−1 1600 pmol L−1	This work
ProGRP NSE	AA UA	LSV	Immunoassay	10 pg mL−1 180 pg mL−1	[3]
Zearalenone Aflatoxin B1	Green QDs Orange QDs	Luminescence	Immunoassay	0.02 ng L−1 0.01 ng L−1	[10]
HIV-1 HIV-2	Green QDs Red QDs	Fluorescence	DNA hybridization	Attomolar	[11]
C. parvum	FCN	SWV	DNA hybridization	47 pmol L−1	[20]
E. coli O157:H7 Salmonella spp. L. monocytogenes	SRB	Fluorescence	Array-based immunosorbent assay	3.1×103 CFU mL−1 7.8×104 CFU mL−1 7.9×105 CFU mL−1	[38]
DNA	Cy5 Rhod-PE	Fluorescence	DNA hybridization	n.a.	[12]
Inf A H1N1 Inf A H3N2 Inf A H5N1 Inf B	Methylene blue Ru(bpy)32+ Acridine orange Ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate (in SiNP)	DPV	DNA hybridization	1.6 pmol L−1 1.6 pmol L−1 4.7 pmol L−1 2.9 pmol L−1	[34]
miRNA-155 miRNA-21 miRNA-16	PHSGNPs-Cd2+ PHSGNPs-Pb2+ PHSGNPs-Cu2+	DPV	DNA/RNA hybridization	0.98 fmol L−1 3.58 fmol L−1 0.25 fmol L−1	[25]
Aβ/Tau Biotin/GM1	-	Fluorescence and ToF-SIMS	Immunoassay	Single liposome	[8]
Oligonucleotides	-	ToF-SIMS	DNA hybridization	Single molecule	[9]
EGFR VEGF	Cd2+ Cu2+	PSA	Immunoassay	0.01 pg mL−1 0.005 pg mL−1	[13]