Table 2.
Cognitive function by participant group
| Cognitive scores | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRIEF mean T-scores (SD) [range] | AIS (N = 17) | PVI (N = 5) | All Stroke (N = 22) | Difference from expected |
| Global Executive Composite (GEC) | 59.9 (11.9) [36–77] | 61.8 (10.9) [49–72] | 60.3 (11.4) [36–77] | t21 = 4.2, p < 0.001 ** |
| Inhibit | 53.4 (11.3) [37–79] | 59.0 (5.7) [53–66] | 54.7 (10.4) [37–79] | t21 = 2.1, p = 0.047 * |
| Shift | 57.7 (11.5) [39–72] | 63.2 (19.4) [36–84] | 59.0 (13.4) [36–84] | t21 = 3.2, p = 0.005 ** |
| Emotional Control | 59.1 (11.8) [38–82] | 60.4 (11.9) [43–75] | 59.4 (11.6) [38–82] | t21 = 3.8, p = 0.001 ** |
| Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI) | 57.8 (12.0) [39–81] | 62.0 (11.5) [46–75] | 58.7 (11.8) [39–81] | t21 = 3.5, p = 0.002 ** |
| Initiate | 58.1 (15.3) [35–86] | 59.8 (12.8) [44–78] | 58.5 (14.5) [35–86] | t21 = 2.8, p = 0.012 * |
| Working Memory | 62.3 (14.5) [42–89] | 60.8 (8.8) [51–72] | 62.0 (13.2) [42–89] | t21 = 4.2, p < 0.001 ** |
| Plan/Organize | 60.5 (13.1) [38–89] | 60.2 (10.0) [46–73] | 60.4 (12.3) [38–89] | t21 = 4.0, p < 0.001 ** |
| Organization of Materials | 52.6 (11.9) [34–71] | 54.0 (12.6) [37–67] | 53.0 (11.8) [34–71] | t21 = 1.2, p = 0.252 |
| Monitor | 57.7 (12.4) [33–77] | 57.8 (12.7) [42–72] | 57.7 (12.2) [33–77] | t21 = 3.0, p = 0.007 ** |
| Metacognition Index (MCI) | 60.3 (14.5) [35–89] | 60.6 (10.7) [46–71] | 60.0 (13.3) [35–89] | t21 = 3.6, p = 0.002 ** |
| ADHD-5 mean percentiles (SD) [range] | AIS (N = 18) | PVI (N = 6) | All Stroke (N = 24) | |
| Inattention | 72.3 (26.7) [5–99] | 66.5 (26.1) [38–95] | 70.9 (26.1) [5–99] | W23 = 256, p = 0.003 ** |
| Hyperactivity | 58.3 (30.3) [12–97] | 76.0 (15.2) [63–96] | 62.8 (28.1) [12–97] | W23 = 209, p = 0.032 * |
| Total | 67.7 (27.5) [17–99] | 73.0 (18.7) [50–96] | 69.0 (25.3) [17–99] | W23 = 238, p = 0.002 ** |
BRIEF and ADHD scores are negatively scored such that higher values mean poorer performance. AIS arterial ischemic stroke, PVI periventricular venous infarction, TDC typically developing controls, BRIEF behaviour rating inventory of executive function, ADHD-5 ADHD rating scale version 5. All stroke distributions were compared against expected population values for typically developing children: BRIEF T-score = 50, ADHD percentile = 50
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01