Table 2. Characteristics of participants classified according to three dietary patterns.
| Characteristics | Dietary pattern | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetables and dairy products (n = 113) | Rice and fish and shellfish (n = 100) | Bread and beverages (n = 54) | P-value3) | ||
| Number of natural teeth | 0.001 | ||||
| ≥ 20 | 52.2 (38.8–65.4) | 43.0 (27.9–59.1) | 22.2 (3.9–54.9) | ||
| < 20 | 47.8 (33.9–61.9) | 57.0 (43.2–70.1) | 77.8 (62.1–89.3) | ||
| Number of natural teeth | 22 ± 5 | 20 ± 4 | 14 ± 7 | < 0.001 | |
| Number of functional teeth | 27 ± 2 | 25 ± 2 | 21 ± 5 | < 0.001 | |
| Using denture, yes | 47.8 (33.9–61.9) | 56.0 (42.0–69.3) | 55.6 (36.3–73.8) | 0.428 | |
| Age (yrs) | 73 ± 4 | 73 ± 4 | 76 ± 5 | < 0.001 | |
| 65–69 | 16.8 (3.6–41.2) | 26.0 (9.8–46.5) | 7.4 (0.0–60.2) | < 0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 79.7 (69.8–87.5) | 74.0 (62.4–83.6) | 61.1 (42.5–77.7) | ||
| 80+ | 3.5 (0.0–60.2) | 0 | 31.5 (11.2–58.4) | ||
| Frailty criteria of the J-CHS | |||||
| Shrinking | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | |
| Low activity | 21.2 (7.6–42.8) | 27.0 (11.7–47.7) | 38.9 (18.5–62.6) | 0.056 | |
| Exhaustion | 10.6 (0.3–42.4) | 8.0 (0.0–48.6) | 24.1 (5.3–55.3) | 0.012 | |
| Weakness1) | 0 | 0 | 24.1 (5.3–55.3) | - | |
| Slowness2) | 3.5 (0.0–60.2) | 0 | 31.4 (11.2–58.3) | - | |
| Grip strength (kg) | 22.3 ± 3.2 | 22.5 ± 2.6 | 21.4 ± 3.6 | 0.092 | |
| Gait speed (m/sec) | 1.37 ± 0.24 | 1.41 ± 0.25 | 1.19 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 | |
| Exercise time (min/day) | 57 ± 56 | 39 ± 37 | 36 ± 35 | 0.004 | |
| Frailty | < 0.001 | ||||
| Non-frailty | 69.9 (58.5–79.8) | 73.0 (61.3–82.8) | 27.8 (8.2–56.6) | ||
| Prefrailty | 30.1 (15.5–48.3) | 27.0 (11.7–47.7) | 72.2 (55.4–85.5) | ||
| Body height (cm) | 155.8 ± 6.6 | 156.5 ± 7.1 | 154.8 ± 6.3 | 0.308 | |
| Body weight (kg) | 54.5 ± 7.8 | 53.1 ± 6.7 | 52.4 ± 6.9 | 0.147 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 2.4 | 21.6 ± 2.0 | 21.8 ± 2.3 | 0.032 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 ± 18 | 135 ± 15 | 139 ± 18 | 0.384 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 10 | 80 ± 13 | 0.467 | |
| Living alone, yes | 16.8 (3.6–41.2) | 18.0 (3.9–43.4) | 29.6 (9.7–57.4) | 0.128 | |
| Alcohol drinking, yes | 38.1 (23.6–54.2) | 28.0 (12.6–48.3) | 68.5 (51.1–82.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Current smoker, yes | 2.7 (0.0–70.8) | 4.0 (0.0–60.2) | 7.4 (0.0–60.2) | 0.689 | |
| During dental treatment, yes | 11.5 (0.3–42.5) | 7.0 (0.0–41.0) | 16.7 (1.2–54.4) | 0.177 | |
| Number of chronic diseases | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 55.8 (42.6–68.3) | 67.0 (54.4–78.0) | 24.1 (5.3–55.3) | ||
| ≥ 1 | 44.2 (30.2–59.1) | 33.0 (17.5–51.6) | 75.9 (59.9–88.0) | ||
Values are mean ± SD or percentage of participants (95% confidence interval).
J-CHS, Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study [27].
1)Weakness, grip strength < 18 kg [27].
2)Slowness, gait speed < 1.0 m/s [27].
3)For continuous variables, analysis of variance was used; for categorical variables, chi-square test was used to test differences across the dietary patterns.