Table 4. Characteristics of participants categorized by frailty criteria of the J-CHS.
| Characteristics | Non-frailty (n = 167, 62.6%) | Prefrailty (n = 100, 37.4%) | P-value3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of natural teeth | < 0.001 | |||
| ≥ 20 | 85.1 (76.3–91.6) | 14.9 (2.6–40.5) | ||
| < 20 | 45.8 (33.8–58.1) | 54.2 (42.9–65.3) | ||
| Number of natural teeth | 22 (18, 26) | 17 (12, 18) | < 0.001 | |
| Number of functional teeth | 27 (25, 28) | 25 (22, 26) | < 0.001 | |
| Using denture, yes | 42.5 (30.8–54.9) | 69.0 (56.7–80.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Age (yrs) | 73 (69, 75) | 75 (74, 79) | < 0.001 | |
| 65–69 | 25.7 (13.6–41.4) | 5.0 (0.0–52.2) | < 0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 72.5 (63.6–80.2) | 76.0 (64.8–85.1) | ||
| 80+ | 1.8 (0.0–70.8) | 19.0 (4.8–43.5) | ||
| Frailty criteria of the J-CHS | ||||
| Shrinking | 0 | 0 | - | |
| Low activity | 0 | 71.0 (60.1–82.0) | - | |
| Exhaustion | 0 | 33.0 (17.5–51.6) | - | |
| Weaknessa1) | 0 | 13.0 (1.0–43.3) | - | |
| Slowness2) | 0 | 21.0 (6.1–44.6) | - | |
| Dietary patterns | < 0.001 | |||
| Vegetables and dairy products | 47.3 (35.9–58.9) | 34.0 (18.7–52.3) | ||
| Rice and fish and shellfish | 43.7 (32.1–55.9) | 27.0 (11.7–47.7) | ||
| Bread and beverages | 9.0 (0.2–36.3) | 39.0 (23.7–56.0) | ||
| Grip strength (kg) | 23.4 (20.0, 25.4) | 21.3 (19.4, 24.0) | 0.002 | |
| Gait speed (m/sec) | 1.39 (1.26, 1.53) | 1.20 (1.06, 1.30) | < 0.001 | |
| Exercise time (min/day) | 51 (29, 82) | 0 (0, 15) | < 0.001 | |
| Body height (cm) | 155.0 (150.0, 162.5) | 155.5 (150.5, 160.5) | 0.605 | |
| Body weight (kg) | 52.6 (47.9, 58.4) | 54.5 (49.5, 57.6) | 0.588 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.9 (20.4, 23.4) | 21.9 (21.2, 23.8) | 0.754 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 (127, 147) | 140 (119, 149) | 0.793 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77 (74, 82) | 78 (71, 89) | 0.259 | |
| Living alone, yes | 12.0 (1.5–35.0) | 33.0 (17.5–51.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Alcohol drinking, yes | 33.5 (21.4–47.5) | 52.0 (37.7–66.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Current smoker, yes | 1.8 (0.0–70.8) | 12.0 (0.3–44.5) | 0.001 | |
| During dental treatment, yes | 8.4 (0.2–36.2) | 15.0 (1.9–43.1) | 0.106 | |
| Number of chronic diseases | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 64.1 (54.2–73.2) | 36.0 (20.5–53.8) | ||
| ≥ 1 | 35.9 (23.9–49.4) | 64.0 (51.0–75.7) | ||
Values are median (interquartile range) or percentage of participants (95% confidence interval).
J-CHS, Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study [27].
1)Weakness, grip strength < 18 kg [27].
2)Slowness, gait speed < 1.0 m/s [27].
3)For continuous variables, Mann-Whitney U test was used; for categorical variables, Fisher’s exact test or chi-squared test was used to test differences.