Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models for potential factors associated with overall survival in cancer patients.
| Variables | Categorization | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | ||
| Sex | Female | Reference | |||
| Male | 0.989 (0.740–1.322) | 0.940 | |||
| Age | < 60 | Reference | |||
| ≥ 60 | 1.298 (0.972–1.734) | 0.077 | |||
| Tumor type | |||||
| Gastric cancer | Reference | Reference | |||
| Colorectal cancer | 0.571 (0.397–0.821) | 0.003 | 0.820 (0.461–1.459) | 0.499 | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 0.740 (0.434–1.261) | 0.268 | 1.836 (0.864–3.902) | 0.114 | |
| Esophageal cancer | 1.396 (0.768–2.535) | 0.274 | 1.973 (0.918–4.243) | 0.082 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | 3.695 (2.269–6.017) | < 0.001 | 3.424 (1.613–7.270) | 0.001 | |
| Biliary malignant tumor | 1.685 (0.911–3.117) | 0.096 | 2.123 (0.936–4.816) | 0.072 | |
| Stage | |||||
| I | Reference | Reference | |||
| II | 2.212 (0.769–6.360) | 0.141 | 2.580 (0.855–7.783) | 0.093 | |
| III | 3.793 (1.375–10.467) | 0.010 | 3.677 (1.223–11.052) | 0.020 | |
| IV | 10.315 (3.784–28.121) | < 0.001 | 7.153 (2.278–22.465) | 0.001 | |
| Treatment after admission | |||||
| Surgical resection | 0.267 (0.199–0.357) | < 0.001 | 0.501 (0.307–0.819) | 0.006 | |
| Chemotherapy | 1.699 (1.058–2.730) | 0.028 | |||
| Radiotherapy | 1.648 (0.988–2.751) | 0.056 | |||
| Targeted therapy | 1.505 (0.966–2.346) | 0.071 | |||
| Immunotherapy | 1.016 (0.451–2.292) | 0.969 | |||
| Smoke | No/never | Reference | |||
| Yes/ever | 1.299 (0.937–1.802) | 0.117 | |||
| Alcohol | No/never | Reference | |||
| Yes/ever | 1.088 (0.762–1.555) | 0.642 | |||
| KPS score | 0.979 (0.968–0.990) | < 0.001 | 0.984 (0.969–1.000) | 0.050 | |
| PG-SGA | 1.087 (1.051–1.124) | < 0.001 | 1.065 (1.014–1.118) | 0.011 | |
| HRQoL | 0.989 (0.981–0.996) | 0.004 | |||
| BMI | < 25 | Reference | |||
| ≥ 25 | 0.616 (0.423–0.896) | 0.011 | |||
| Alb | 0.950 (0.925–0.977) | < 0.001 | 0.957 (0.921–0.994) | 0.023 | |
| CRP | 1.004 (0.999–1.008) | 0.123 | |||
| TC | 0.954 (0.795–1.143) | 0.608 | |||
| TG | 0.783 (0.568–1.079) | 0.135 | |||
| HDL-C | 0.497 (0.240–1.031) | 0.060 | |||
| LDL-C | 1.216 (0.964–1.533) | 0.099 | |||
| NLR | 1.024 (0.997–1.052) | 0.082 | |||
| PLR | 1.002 (1.001–1.003) | < 0.001 | |||
| OPNI | 0.960 (0.941–0.980) | < 0.001 | |||
| MAC | 0.913 (0.872–0.956) | < 0.001 | |||
| MAMC | 0.917 (0.870–0.967) | 0.001 | |||
| HGS | 0.982 (0.966–0.998) | 0.028 | |||
| TSF | 0.980 (0.955–1.006) | 0.131 | |||
| ASM | 0.988 (0.957–1.020) | 0.454 | |||
| ASMI | 0.964 (0.848–1.096) | 0.575 | |||
| ECW/TBW | < 0.40 | Reference | |||
| ≥ 0.40 | 2.148 (1.495–3.087) | < 0.001 | |||
| SFA | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.497 (0.358–0.690) | < 0.001 | |||
| SFD | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 2.636 (1.872–3.712) | < 0.001 | |||
| SFAI | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.459 (0.330–0.639) | < 0.001 | |||
| VFA | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.621 (0.441–0.875) | 0.007 | |||
| VFD | Low | Reference | Reference | ||
| High | 2.722 (1.935–3.829) | < 0.001 | 2.473 (1.716–3.564) | < 0.001 | |
| VFAI | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.594 (0.418–0.843) | 0.004 | |||
| L3 SMA | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.485 (0.365–0.645) | < 0.001 | |||
| L3 SMD | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.820 (0.614–1.095) | 0.178 | |||
| L3 SMI | Low | Reference | Reference | ||
| High | 0.481 (0.359–0.644) | < 0.001 | 0.580 (0.385–0.872) | 0.009 | |
| TFA | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.597 (0.427–0.836) | 0.003 | |||
| TFAI | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 0.579 (0.417–0.803) | 0.001 | |||
| VFA/SFA | Low | Reference | Reference | ||
| High | 1.780 (1.225–2.587) | 0.003 | 1.812 (1.201–2.733) | 0.005 | |
| VFD/SFD | Low | Reference | |||
| High | 1.881 (1.190–2.972) | 0.007 | |||
KPS, Karnofsky performance status; PG-SGA, the patient-generated subjective global assessment; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; BMI, body mass index; Alb, albumin; CRP, C-reactive protein; TC, serum total cholesterol; TG, serum triglycerides; HDL-C, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio; OPNI, Onodera's prognostic nutritional index; MAC, circumference of the mid-upper arm; MAMC, mid-upper arm muscle circumference; HGS, grip strength of the non-dominant hand; TSF, skinfold thickness; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASMI, ASM index; ECW, extracellular water; TBW, total body water; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; SFD, subcutaneous fat density; SFAI, SFA index; VFA, visceral fat area; VFD, visceral fat density; VFAI, VFA index; L3 SMA, skeletal muscle area of the third lumbar vertebrae; L3 SMD, skeletal muscle density of third lumbar vertebrae; L3 SMI, skeletal muscle index of third lumbar vertebrae; TFA, total fat area; TFAI, TFA index.