Table 2.
Hazard ratios for the association between early insulin therapy users versus non-early insulin therapy users and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes
| Early insulin therapy | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| No. of patients | 3135 | 2289 | |
| Outcomes | |||
| Coronary heart disease | |||
| No. of events | 542 | 292 | |
| Follow-up time (persons years) | 8639 | 5394 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI)a | |||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.91 (0.79–1.06) | 0.218 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.958 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 0.398 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) | 0.367 |
| Hospitalization for heart failure | |||
| No. of events | 167 | 63 | |
| Follow-up time (persons years) | 9652 | 5857 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI)a | |||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.68 (0.50–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.67 (0.49–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.72 (0.53–0.99) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | |||
| No. of events | 504 | 215 | |
| Follow-up time (persons years) | 9008 | 5626 | |
| Hazard ratio (95% CI)a | |||
| Model 1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.71(0.60–0.83) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.68 (0.58–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.69 (0.58–0.81) | <0.001 |
aHazard ratios were estimated using the following models: Model 1, adjusted for gender; baseline age and body mass index; Model 2, Model 1 and further adjusted for baseline history of hypertension, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and/or pulmonary vascular diseases, history of atrial fibrillation history, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); Model 3, Model 2 and further adjusted for ever use of statin, antiplatelet drugs, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/ angiotensin II inhibitors(ACEI/ARBs), β-receptor blocker and calcium channel blockers(CCBs) during follow-up; and baseline use of metformin, sulfonylureas, α-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; Model 4, Model 3 and further adjusted for the centers where the patients were treated
CI confidence interval