Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristic | Study Participants, N (%)/ Mean ± SD/ Median (Q1,Q3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 1042) | No (n = 830) | Yes (n = 212) | P | |
| Year, y | 0.262 | |||
| 2003–2004 | 94(9) | 74(9) | 20(9) | |
| 2005–2006 | 238(23) | 182(22) | 56(26) | |
| 2007–2008 | 338(32) | 266(32) | 72(34) | |
| 2009–2010 | 372(36) | 308(37) | 64(30) | |
| Ba, ng/mL | − 4.61(− 5.21, − 3.92) | − 4.57(− 5.17, − 3.94) | − 4.74(− 5.57, − 3.84) | 0.058 |
| Cd, ng/mL | − 5.7 ± 0.77 | − 5.68 ± 0.76 | − 5.79 ± 0.81 | 0.062 |
| Co, ng/mL | − 5.77(− 6.16, − 5.38) | − 5.78(− 6.15, − 5.39) | − 5.72(− 6.16, − 5.28) | 0.255 |
| Cs, ng/mL | − 3.09(− 3.45, − 2.75) | − 3.1(− 3.43, − 2.75) | − 3.06(− 3.5, − 2.72) | 0.976 |
| Mo, ng/mL | − 0.76(− 1.17, − 0.33) | − 0.78(− 1.21, − 0.33) | − 0.67(− 1.09, − 0.36) | 0.221 |
| Pb, ng/mL | − 5.11(− 5.51, − 4.67) | − 5.1(− 5.5, − 4.65) | − 5.16(− 5.56, − 4.67) | 0.427 |
| Sb, ng/mL | − 7.41(− 7.72, − 6.93) | − 7.42(− 7.72, − 6.97) | − 7.3(− 7.76, − 6.68) | 0.012 |
| Tl, ng/mL | − 6.59(− 6.95, − 6.2) | − 6.56(− 6.92, − 6.18) | − 6.71(− 7.1, − 6.31) | 0.001 |
| Tu, ng/mL | − 7.1(− 7.58, − 6.57) | − 7.11(− 7.59, − 6.55) | − 7.01(− 7.55, − 6.65) | 0.503 |
| Ur, ng/mL | − 9.54(− 10, − 8.92) | − 9.53(− 10, − 8.93) | − 9.56(− 10, − 8.64) | 0.657 |
| Pt, ng/mL | − 9.53(− 10.04, − 8.83) | − 9.58(− 10.07, − 8.83) | − 9.41(− 9.81, − 8.84) | 0.029 |
| Hg, ng/mL | − 5.52(− 6.11, − 4.9) | − 5.52(− 6.1, − 4.87) | − 5.53(− 6.14, − 4.94) | 0.968 |
| As, ng/mL | − 2.42(− 2.96, − 1.74) | − 2.45(− 2.95, − 1.81) | − 2.36(− 3, − 1.56) | 0.224 |
| UCr, (mg/min) | 101(62, 151) | 103(62, 154) | 87.5(60.75, 135) | 0.008 |
| Age, y | 62(52, 71) | 62(52, 72) | 61(50, 69.25) | 0.23 |
| Sex | 0.949 | |||
| Male | 487(47) | 387(47) | 100(47) | |
| Female | 555(53) | 443(53) | 112(53) | |
| Ethnics | 0.131 | |||
| Mexican American | 228(22) | 184(22) | 44(21) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 263(25) | 206(25) | 57(27) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 418(40) | 343(41) | 75(35) | |
| Other | 133(13) | 97(12) | 36(17) | |
| Marital | 0.936 | |||
| Married or living with a partner | 639(61) | 510(61) | 129(61) | |
| Unmarried or other | 403(39) | 320(39) | 83(39) | |
| Education level | 0.172 | |||
| Less than High school | 412(40) | 319(38) | 93(44) | |
| High School or above | 630(60) | 511(62) | 119(56) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.27(27.83, 36.39) | 31.26(27.8, 36.26) | 31.29(27.87, 37.79) | 0.416 |
| Smoke status | 0.014 | |||
| Current | 159(15) | 140(17) | 19(9) | |
| Never | 541(52) | 419(50) | 122(58) | |
| Former | 342(33) | 271(33) | 71(33) | |
| Past-year alcohol drinking | 0.095 | |||
| Mild | 283(27) | 221(27) | 62(29) | |
| Moderate | 81(8) | 62(7) | 19(9) | |
| Never | 202(19) | 157(19) | 45(21) | |
| Former | 357(34) | 284(34) | 73(34) | |
| Heavy | 119(11) | 106(13) | 13(6) | |
| Hypertension | 0.594 | |||
| No | 263(25) | 213(26) | 50(24) | |
| Yes | 779(75) | 617(74) | 162(76) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1 | |||
| No | 130(12) | 104(13) | 26(12) | |
| Yes | 912(88) | 726(87) | 186(88) | |
| HEI.score | 50.64(40.81, 61.12) | 51.08(40.86, 61.29) | 49.34(40.66, 61.11) | 0.414 |
| Poverty ratio | 0.103 | |||
| At or above poverty line (≥ 1.00) | 225(22) | 170(20) | 55(26) | |
| Below poverty line (< 1.00) | 817(78) | 660(80) | 157(74) | |
| Kcal, kcal/d | 0.153 | |||
| Very Low (< 1200) | 203(19) | 173(21) | 30(14) | |
| Low (1200–1600) | 205(20) | 155(19) | 50(24) | |
| Medium (1600–2000) | 215(21) | 169(20) | 46(22) | |
| High (2000–2400) | 199(19) | 155(19) | 44(21) | |
| Very High (> 2400) | 220(21) | 178(21) | 42(20) | |
All proportions, means, and SEs are weighted estimates of the US population characteristics, taking into account the complex sampling design of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
UCr urinary creatinine, BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared).