TABLE 1.

Lung cancer studied using LOC.

Year	Cell types	Fabrication techniques	Respiratory membrane	Functions	Ref
2013	A mono-lung cancer cell line, a mixture of lung cancer, stromal cell lines, and cells from fresh lung cancer tissues	Lithography-based microfabrication techniques	Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane	Drug sensitivity screening for better lung cancer chemotherapy regimens	Lai Benjamin et al. (2020), Xu et al. (2013)
2016	Bronchial epithelial, lung cancer, microvascular endothelial, mononuclear, and fibroblast cells	Lithography-based microfabrication techniques	PDMS membrane	Simulating the in vivo microenvironment of tumor metastasis and studying the cell-cell interactions during the metastatic process	Cheng et al. (2021), Xu et al. (2016)
2017	Human alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary microvascular endothelium	Co-plating techniques	Transwell membrane	Reproduce NSCLS growth and invasion patterns; study cancer persistent cells and mechanisms of tumour dormancy in vitro	Si et al. (2021), Hassell et al. (2018)
2018	Human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and human foetal lung fibroblasts (HFL1)	Soft lithography etching technology	Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospinning nanofiber membrane	Simulate in vitro the tumour microenvironment alveolar biochemical factors and evaluate EGFR-targeted antitumour drug	Hassell et al. (2018), Yang et al. (2018)
2021	Human primary alveolar epithelial cells (hAEpCs) and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (VeraVec)	Lithography-based microfabrication techniques	Soft collagen–elastin (CE) membrane	Investigate basic science questions, screen compounds in drug development, model lung diseases and identify the best treatment option for each patient in precision medicine	Shrestha et al. (2020), Zamprogno et al. (2021)
2021	A549 cells, HUVECs, and human lung fibroblasts	3D printing technology	PDMS membrane	Three-dimensional vascularized lung cancer-on-a-chip model mimicking tumor microenvironment and metastasis	Ozyurt et al. (2023), Park et al. (2021)
2022	Lung cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells	3D printing technology	PDMS membrane	Testing the effects of different EGFR-targeted drugs on NCI-H650 cells and primary lung cancer cells	Ingber (2020), Tan et al. (2022b)