TABLE 1.

The application of pancreatic organoids in modeling pancreatic diseases.

Cell sources	Disease model	Application	References
hPSCs	PDAC	The lineage tropism and plasticity of genetic action in human pancreatic cancer	Huang et al. (2021)
hPSCs	PDAC	KRAS with CDKN2A deletion developed into dedifferentiated PDAC	Breunig et al. (2021)
Human Pancreatic Tumor	PDAC	The CRISPR-Cas9-driven modification of pancreas organoids revealed a gradual development of PDAC	Seino et al. (2018)
Human Pancreatic Tumor	Cholangiocarcinoma and PDAC	Reveal the similarities and differences between primary tumors and their respective organoids on a transcriptome scale	Chen et al. (2023)
Human Pancreatic Tumor	PDAC	ST6GAL1 was upregulated in patients with early-stage PDAC and was further increased in advanced disease	Bhalerao et al. (2023)
Human Pancreatic Tumor	Pancreatobiliary cancer	Integrin-linked kinase was one candidate target	Shiihara et al. (2021)
Human Pancreatic Tumor	PDAC	Create a fused pancreatic cancer organoid which would be useful for studying PDAC recurrence	Takeuchi et al. (2023)
Mouse	PanIN	Sensory neurons encouraged the widespread growth of PanIN organoids	Sinha et al. (2017)
Mouse	PanIN	KRAS play an important role in murine PanIN organoids	Matsuura et al. (2020)
hPSCs	Model pancreatic aspects of cystic fibrosis	Study on the Mechanism of Pancreatic Cystic Fibrosis	Hohwieler et al. (2017)
Human islet	DM	Improve blood glucose	Gooch et al. (2023)
hPSCs	DM	Pancreatic islet organoids produced human c-peptide	Choi et al. (2023b)
Human islet organoids	DM	Antidiabetic therapeutic agent	Ilegems et al. (2022)
iPSCs	Wolfram syndrome	Research on the Mechanism of Wolfram Syndrome	Shang et al. (2014), Maxwell et al. (2020)

hPSCs: human pluripotent stem cells; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; DM: diabetes mellitus.