TABLE 2.

Functionalization strategies used in exosomes.

Functionalization category	Technique applied	References
Physical	Sonication, extrusion, freeze-thaw	Fuhrmann et al. (2015), Wu et al. (2021)
Chemical	Click chemistry	Tian et al. (2018), Cui et al. (2019), Haroon et al. (2024)
Biological	Chimeric DNA	Kim et al. (2020), Choi et al. (2021), Yu et al. (2021)