Table 2.
Data extracted from articles on postnatal air pollutant exposure and ADHD.
| Author & year | Country | Study desigh | Exposure period | Study pollution | Age group | n ADHD/n total | Exposure (Air pollutants) | How exposure measured | Diagnostic criteria | Adjustment of risk | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yuchi et al. 2022 (25) | Canada (Metro Vancouver) | Cohort study | Postnatal period | Children from the administrative datasets (Registration, Physician Visit, and Hospital Discharge data) from the British Columbia Ministry of Health Services | 3–10 years | 1217/28797 | PM2.5 NO2 |
Land-use regression models | ICD-9 ICD-10 |
Maternal age paternal age maternal BMI maternal parity birth weight season of birth gestational age infant sex education household income residential instability material deprivation dependency and ethnic concentration |
A significant association was observed between PM2.5 and ADHD; no association was identified between NO2 and ADHD |
| Fan et al. 2022 (26) | Taiwan | Cohort study | Postnatal period | Children from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) | 0–18 years | 2856/98177 | PM2.5 PM10 |
Temporal and spatial resolution | ICD-9-CM ICD-10-CM |
Sex Age urbanization level comorbidities |
Exposure to particulate matter, specifically PM2.5 and PM10, was linked with a significantly increased risk of ADHD. |
| Thygesen et al. 2020 (27) | Danish | Cohort study | Postnatal period | Children from the Danish Civil Registration System (CRS) | 5–16 years | 19,045/809654 | PM2.5 NO2 |
THOR modeling system | ICD-10-DCR | Age calendar year sex mother’s and father’s level of education and income |
Exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 was associated with a significantly increased risk of ADHD |
| Min and Min, 2017 (28) | Korea | Cohort | Postnatal period | Children from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) |
10 years | 314/8936 | NO2 PM10 |
Ambient air monitoring station and GIS tools | DSM-IV-TR | Gender metropolitan area household income medical history |
A significant association was observed between ADHD and exposure to PM10 and NO2 |
| Siddique et al. 2011 (29) | India (Delhi and West Bengal) |
Cross sectional | Postnatal period | Children from different areas of National Capital Region of Delhi and rural areas of Uttaranchal and West Bengal |
9–17 years | Urban:107/969 Rural:23/850 |
PM10 | Fixed-site monitoring stations were established at 60 urban and 60 rural households. | DSM-IV | Age Gender SES Prenatal smoking |
PM10 exposure was found to be positively associated with the ADHD. |
ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition; DSM-IV-TR, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICD-10-DCR, The ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.