Table 1.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for new-onset depressive symptoms associated with household size and intergenerational structure

Predictor	Depressive symptoms
	Overall		Male		Female
	Crude HR (95% CI)	P value	Crude HR (95% CI)	P value	Crude HR (95% CI)	P value
Household size	1.05 (1.02, 1.08)	0.002	1.02 (0.97, 1.06)	0.449	1.07 (1.03, 1.11)	<0.001
Intergenerational structure
One-generation households	1 [Ref.]		1 [Ref.]		1 [Ref.]
Two-generation households	1.11 (0.98, 1.26)	0.110	1.10 (0.92, 1.31)	0.313	1.08 (0.90, 1.29)	0.430
Three-generation households	1.30 (1.14, 1.48)	<0.001	1.18 (0.98, 1.44)	0.088	1.31 (1.09, 1.57)	0.004
Four-generation households	1.17 (0.74, 1.85)	0.511	0.66 (0.27, 1.61)	0.365	1.51 (0.88, 2.59)	0.136
Empty nest
Empty-nest couple	1 [Ref.]		1 [Ref.]		1 [Ref.]
Solitary	1.28 (1.03, 1.58)	0.028	1.79 (1.32, 2.43)	<0.001	0.84 (0.62, 1.14)	0.260