Table 1.

Emerging cardiovascular risk factors and new preventive strategies

Emerging cardiovascular risk factors	New preventive strategies
“Normal” cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose	Lower thresholds of treatment in high risk individuals
Oxidation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol	Antioxidants (such as vitamin E)
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system	Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Hyperhomocysteinaemia	Folic acid, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12
Abnormalities of coagulation:
Fibrinogen	New antithrombotic approaches (such as preventive use of warfarin, new antiplatelet drugs)
Factor VII
Von Willebrand factor
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
Lipoprotein Lp(a)	Niacin, oestrogens
Postmenopausal state	Oestrogens, selective oestrogen receptor modulators
Chronic infection and inflammation	Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents
Genetic abnormalities	“Targeted” treatment aimed at specific genes or their phenotypic expression
Nutritional factors
Psychological factors
Environmental factors
Socioeconomic factors