Table 3.

RI-AIR outcomes and measures.

Measures and Outcomes	Level	Measure Description	Administration Timepoint
Asthma Control	Primary-Individual	Test for Respiratory and Asthma Control (2–4 year olds) or Childhood Asthma Control Test (5–12 year olds) [35,36]	Baseline; End of Treatment; 3, 6, 9, and 12 Month Follow Ups
Asthma Symptom Free Days	Secondary-Individual	Caregiver report using a standard questionnaire item, Symptom Free Days (SFDs) within previous 30-day period [37]	Baseline; End of Treatment; 3, 6, 9, and 12 Month Follow Ups
Asthma Management Efficacy	Secondary-Individual	Caregiver report of the Asthma Management Efficacy Questionnaire [38]	Baseline, End of Treatment, & 12 Month Follow Up
Caregiver Quality of Life related to Asthma	Secondary-Individual	Caregiver report using the Pediatric Asthma Caregiver’s Quality of Life Questionnaire [39]	Baseline; End of Treatment; 3, 6, 9, and 12 Month Follow Ups
Individual-level Asthma Health Care Utilization	Secondary-Individual	Caregiver report and EHR record of urgent healthcare utilization (ED and inpatient visits) for asthma each active trial year	Baseline & 12 Month Follow Up
Individual-level School Absences	Secondary-Individual	Days missed for children from each of the school-based polygons who participated in each active trial year, obtained through school records and caregiver report	Baseline & 12 Month Follow Up
Asthma Health Care Utilization	Community	Hospital-based data on urgent healthcare utilization (rates of ED visits and inpatient hospitalizations for asthma) in each school-based polygon	Baseline & 12 Month Follow Up
School Absences	Community	School records of children’s school attendance across the academic year (all children in each school) in each school-based polygon (one school per polygon)	End of Each School Year
Reach within Polygons	Process Evaluation	RI-AIR IDS was used to monitor recruitment, enrollment, and retention.	Years 2–5
Fidelity of RI-AIR IDS Platform	Process Evaluation	Monitored using dynamic data pulls weekly (beginning of recruitment) and quarterly (each active intervention year). Quality control assessments were incorporated each active year.	Years 2–5
Implementation Fidelity of the Treatment Protocol	Process Evaluation	Assessed by monitoring and evaluating audio recordings of interventions using a standard checklist. Co-Is observed 10% of HARP visits and CASE classes during years 2–4 and provided feedback. Dose delivered was the number of sessions participants received.	Years 2–5
Intervention Completion Rates	Process Evaluation	HARP completion: completion of at least the first 2 inhome intervention sessions. CASE completion: provision of staff training (school level) and caregiver or child CASE programs (family level)	Years 2–5
Changes in Asthma Management Indicators	Process Evaluation	HARP: Changes in asthma knowledge, asthma management, and exposure to asthma triggers. CHWs assessed whether (1) there was an AAP present in the home, (2) the medications listed on the AAP were in the home, (3) caregiver could demonstrate the correct inhaler technique, and (4) caregiver could use the AAP to describe which medications to use; CASE: Changes in caregiver, child, and school staff asthma knowledge (pre to post CASE programs) and asthma management indicators (whether AAP was uploaded to KIDSNET and viewed by nurse)	Baseline, End of Treatment
Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation	Implementation	Assessed using multiple methods: interviews with school nurses, surveys of school personnel (nurses, principals), ongoing feedback from CHWs, focus groups with caregivers, debrief meetings with CHWs, and medical provider surveys.	Years 2–5
Return on Investment	Implementaton	Return on investment (i.e., the cost of the intervention) will be evaluated by estimating the cost of program implementation (direct and indirect costs) relative to healthcare cost reduction. Healthcare expenses will be derived from claims data (asthma office visits, ED use, inpatient days).	12 Months Pre- and Post-intervention
Demographic Information	Other-Individual	Caregiver report of child age, sex, race, ethnicity, household income, number of adults and children in the household, caregiver education level, and language spoken.	Baseline

Note. This table illustrates the study’s primary and secondary individual and community level outcomes. Process evaluation and implementation outcomes are also presented. All study visits were home-based or conducted remotely after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. EHR = electronic health record; ED = emergency department; Co-Is = Co-Investigators.