Table 3.
Descriptive values in correlates (putative risk factors) separated by profile and regression analyses comparing the symptomatic with the asymptomatic profiles: Females
| Correlates | No DEBs n = 173 |
Low-mixed n = 196 |
High-mixed n = 168 |
Low-mixed vs. no DEBs | High-mixed vs. no DEBs | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M/(n) | (SD)/% | M/(n) | (SD)/% | M/(n) | (SD)/% | β/(OR) | SE | 95% CI | p | β/(OR) | SE | 95% CI | p | |||
| Psychopathology | ||||||||||||||||
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 3.73 | (3.21) | 4.57 | (3.67) | 5.55 | (4.31) | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.043 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.69 | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety symptoms (CROSS-D) | 5.09 | (4.71) | 6.37 | (5.60) | 7.61 | (6.51) | 0.20 | 0.10 | − 0.004 | 0.41 | 0.055 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.66 | < 0.001 |
| Eating-and body-related factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Dieting within the past 12 monthsa | (16) | 9.9 | (26) | 13.8 | (45) | 28.3 | (1.44) | 0.49 | 0.74 | 2.80 | 0.280 | (3.65) | 1.16 | 1.96 | 6.80 | < 0.001 |
| Eating as a means of coping with emotional stress (EWI-C) | 4.47 | (6.45) | 5.14 | (6.53) | 6.71 | (7.08) | 0.09 | 0.10 | − 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.403 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.55 | 0.002 |
| Attitude toward the obese (EWI-C) | 6.01 | (6.28) | 7.10 | (7.10) | 6.02 | (6.48) | 0.14 | 0.10 | − 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.182 | 0.01 | 0.11 | − 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.905 |
| Lifetime weight-, shape and eating concernsa | (42) | 24.30 | (65) | 33.2 | (82) | 49.1 | (1.54) | 0.36 | 0.98 | 2.44 | 0.063 | (3.01) | 0.71 | 1.90 | 4.78 | < 0.001 |
| Body satisfaction | 7.01 | (1.85) | 6.36 | (1.99) | 6.01 | (2.11) | − 0.32 | 0.11 | − 0.53 | − 0.11 | 0.003 | − 0.50 | 0.11 | − 0.72 | − 0.28 | < 0.001 |
| Psychological functioning | ||||||||||||||||
| Self-esteem (SISE) | 4.82 | (1.48) | 4.66 | (1.50) | 4.53 | (1.70) | − 0.10 | 0.11 | − 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.370 | − 0.19 | 0.11 | − 0.41 | 0.03 | 0.093 |
| Self-efficacy (ASKU) | 3.86 | (0.60) | 3.80 | (0.61) | 3.72 | (0.70) | − 0.11 | 0.11 | − 0.32 | 0.10 | 0.310 | − 0.22 | 0.11 | − 0.44 | 0.003 | 0.053 |
| Emotion regulation skills (ERSQ) | 2.71 | (0.59) | 2.63 | (0.61) | 2.53 | (0.56) | − 0.14 | 0.11 | − 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.200 | − 0.31 | 0.11 | − 0.53 | − 0.09 | 0.007 |
| Interpersonal factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Social support (OSLO) | 11.70 | (1.64) | 11.30 | (1.80) | 10.75 | (1.97) | − 0.23 | 0.11 | − 0.44 | − 0.02 | 0.033 | − 0.51 | 0.11 | − 0.72 | − 0.29 | < 0.001 |
| Preoccupied attachment (RQ) | 2.99 | (1.81) | 3.32 | (1.90) | 3.31 | (1.78) | 0.19 | 0.11 | − 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.081 | 0.17 | 0.11 | − 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.129 |
| Fearful attachment (RQ) | 3.01 | (1.89) | 3.37 | (2.02) | 3.68 | (2.03) | 0.18 | 0.11 | − 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.091 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.56 | 0.003 |
| Dismissing attachment (RQ) | 3.65 | (1.82) | 3.84 | (1.73) | 4.07 | (1.82) | 0.12 | 0.11 | − 0.09 | 0.33 | 0.275 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.004 | 0.45 | 0.046 |
| Developmental factors | ||||||||||||||||
| Physical neglect (CTQ)b | 5.71 | (1.47) | 6.23 | (2.16) | 6.16 | (1.94) | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.47 | 0.011 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.45 | 0.027 |
| Sexual abuse (CTQ) | 5.10 | (0.60) | 5.36 | (1.88) | 5.10 | (0.54) | 0.20 | 0.10 | − 0.005 | 0.41 | 0.055 | 0.001 | 0.11 | − 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.994 |
| Maternal overcontrol (MOPS) | 1.58 | (0.60) | 1.63 | (0.61) | 1.73 | (0.63) | 0.09 | 0.11 | − 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.404 | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.028 |
| Maternal abuse (MOPS) | 1.26 | (0.46) | 1.31 | (0.49) | 1.37 | (0.52) | 0.09 | 0.11 | − 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.401 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.45 | 0.049 |
| Maternal indifference (MOPS) | 1.15 | (0.40) | 1.24 | (0.50) | 1.22 | (0.40) | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.004 | 0.44 | 0.046 | 0.16 | 0.11 | − 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.163 |
| Paternal overcontrol (MOPS) | 1.34 | (0.51) | 1.38 | (0.52) | 1.46 | (0.60) | 0.09 | 0.11 | − 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.430 | 0.21 | 0.12 | − 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.070 |
| Paternal abuse (MOPS) | 1.22 | (0.51) | 1.35 | (0.65) | 1.34 | (0.56) | 0.21 | 0.11 | − 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.063 | 0.21 | 0.12 | − 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.074 |
| Paternal indifference (MOPS) | 1.19 | (0.49) | 1.30 | (0.64) | 1.33 | (0.59) | 0.18 | 0.11 | − 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.108 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.037 |
Descriptives are reported unstandardized. Regression analyses were carried out based on z-standardized dependent variables and adjusted for age. p-values < 0.05 are printed in bold
ASKU, Short Scale for Measuring General Self-Efficacy Beliefs; BMI-SDS, Body Mass Index standard deviation score; CROSS-D, Cross-Cutting Dimensional Anxiety Scale; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; DEBs, disordered eating behaviors; ERSQ, Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire; EWI-C, Eating Behaviour and Weight Problems Inventory for Children; MOPS, Measure of Parental Style; N, Number; OSLO, OSLO-3-Item-Social-Support Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; RQ, Relationship Questionnaire; SISE, Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale
aPlease note that this construct is coded dichotomously
bPlease carefully consider the low Cronbach’s alpha (0.39) of this subscale in the present study sample (similar to some previous studies [68, 70]) when interpreting respective results