Fig. 5.

Relationship between ferroptosis and immunogenic cell death. Ferroptotic cancer cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), expose calreticulin (CRT), and demonstrate some level of immunogenicity, resembling a form of immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, the challenges encountered in prophylactic vaccine trials and the observed immunosuppressive effects associated with increased PTGS2 and PGE2 expression, oxidized HMGB1, and phospholipid peroxidation during ferroptosis suggest that ferroptosis may not fully meet the criteria for being classified as ICD