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. 2024 Jun 7;23:124. doi: 10.1186/s12943-024-02016-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — OLFM4 was the remarkable DEG in PLGC cells: a HE staining of pathological sections in T1N0M0 stage gastric cancer: Intestinal metaplasia lesions co-occurring with gastric cancer infiltration throughout the mucosal layer (left), infiltration that broke through the basement membrane and invaded the submucosa (middle), and normal adjacent glandular epithelium with accompanying intestinal metaplastic lesions (right). Key indicators: The Black dashed line represented the basement membrane, and the yellow arrow highlighted gastric cancer invading the basement membrane with intestinal metaplasia. b Volcano plot from GSE78523 highlighting the top two DEGs, OLFM4 and MUC2, in intestinal metaplasia tissues. c Cluster analysis of epithelial cells in GSE134520. d Analysis of CNV in epithelial cell subgroups using inferCNV. e–g Assessment of the differentiation of epithelial cell subgroups with Cytotrace. h-i Evaluation of OLFM4 expression in tissues and cell subgroups. IM: Intestinal metaplasia, EGC: Early gastric cancer, IMS: Sever intestinal metaplasia, NAG: non-atrophic gastritis, SPEM: Spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia, PLGC: Precancerous lesions of gastric carcinoma