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. 2024 Jun 7;22:546. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05263-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Plasma exosomes derived from patients with active TAO induced stronger production of cytokines and HA in Thy-1⁺ OFs and inhibited their proliferation. (a) Diagram of the Pla-Exos treating Thy-1⁺ OFs. Pla-Exos (50 µg/mL) derived from 5 HCs and 5 patients with active TAO were added to Thy-1⁺ OFs. mRNA and protein detection were performed after 72–96 h, respectively. (b, c) Pla-Exos^TAO−A induced stronger production of inflammatory molecules in Thy-1⁺ OFs. The mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, CXCL2 and RANTES determined by RT-PCR and normalized to GAPDH mRNA levels are shown in (b). The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-a, CXCL2 and RANTES in cell supernatants detected by ELISA are shown in (c). (d, e) Pla-Exos^TAO−A induced stronger production of HA in Thy-1⁺ OFs. The mRNA levels of HAS1 are shown in (d). The concentrations of HA in cell supernatants are shown in (e). (f, g) Pla-Exos^TAO−A inhibited the proliferation of Thy-1⁺ OFs. Data are representative of 3 independent experiments. n = 6 in each group. Error bars represent the mean ± SD. ns, no significance, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s comparison test. HA Hyaluronic acid, HAS hyaluronan synthase, SD standard deviation