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. 2024 Jun 7;22:546. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-05263-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — The exosomal mRNA profiles of patients with active TAO differed from those of healthy controls. (a) Heatmap of the mRNA expression profiles in the TAO-A and HC groups. Exosomes were isolated from the same plasma samples used in the functional analysis. RNA-seq was used for mRNA content analysis. (b) Volcano plot comparing mRNAs in Pla-Exos from patients with active TAO and HCs. The volcano plot was created using a log2 fold change and –log10 p values of all the detected mRNAs. (c) Results of KEGG pathway analysis for the DE-mRNA. (d) The differentially expressed immune cells marker genes in exosomes were examined. (e) Enrichment levels of immune subpopulations in Pla-Exos. Th1 cell marker genes increased, while dendritic cell and natural killer cell marker genes decreased in Pla-Exos of active TAO patients. RNA-seq RNA sequencing, KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, DE-mRNA differential expressed mRNA.