Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of bladder cancer in relation to consumption of coffee, green tea, and caffeine in men
| Category of intake | Coffee | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almost none | 1–4 times/week | 1–2 cups/day | ≥3 cups/day | P trend | |
| Number of cases | 50 | 52 | 43 | 19 | |
| Person‐years of follow up | 185 405 | 183 367 | 157 544 | 83 713 | |
| HR † (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.23 (0.83–1.82) | 1.60 (1.05–2.43) | 1.71 (0.99–2.96) | 0.01 |
| HR ‡ (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.26 (0.84–1.88) | 1.53 (0.98–2.37) | 1.37 (0.75–2.51) | 0.09 |
| Green tea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | 3–4 cups/day | ≥5 cups/day | P trend | |
| Number of cases | 33 | 39 | 39 | 53 | |
| Person‐years of follow up | 161 557 | 140 218 | 158 952 | 149 301 | |
| HR † (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.13 (0.70–1.82) | 0.83 (0.51–1.33) | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | 0.67 |
| HR § (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.18 (0.73–1.91) | 0.71 (0.43–1.18) | 0.90 (0.56–1.45) | 0.31 |
| Caffeine (median, mg/day) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowest (0.04) | Second (0.13) | Third (0.18) | Highest (0.32) | P trend | |
| Number of cases | 47 | 34 | 43 | 40 | |
| Person‐years of follow up | 177 874 | 142 138 | 132 876 | 157 140 | |
| HR † (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.72 (0.46–1.13) | 1.24 (0.82–1.89) | 1.26 (0.82–1.94) | 0.10 |
| HR ¶ (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) | 1.23 (0.80–1.89) | 1.05 (0.66–1.67) | 0.36 |
Adjusted for age (continuous) and area (10 public health center areas).
Adjusted for age (continuous), area (10 public health center areas), smoking status (never, former [<10, 10–19, ≥20 years since cessation of smoking], current [<20, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, ≥50 pack‐years]), alcohol drinking (non‐ or occasional drinkers, 1–150, ≥150 g/week), and green tea (<1, 1–2, 3–4, ≥5 cups/day).
Adjusted for age (continuous), area (10 public health center areas), smoking status (never, former [<10, 10–19, ≥20 years since cessation of smoking], current [<20, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, ≥50 pack‐years]), alcohol drinking (non‐ or occasional drinkers, 1–150, ≥150 g/week), and coffee (almost none, 1–4 times/week, 1–2, ≥3 cups/day).
Adjusted for age (continuous), area (10 public health center areas), smoking status (never, former [<10, 10–19, ≥20 years since cessation of smoking], current [<20, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, ≥50 pack‐years]), and alcohol drinking (non‐ or occasional drinkers, 1–150, ≥150 g/week).