Cytokine‐inducing activity of extracellular recombinant (r) NM23‐H1 protein on primary cultured acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells. (a) Growth‐ and survival‐promoting activity (dose response) of rNM23‐H1 protein of four representative cases on days 2–10 (left panels), and the cytokines detected in conditioned medium (CM) of AML cells treated with or without rNM23‐H1 (100 ng/mL) for 48 h, using human inflammation antibody array (right panels), refer to (b). 1, GM‐CSF; 2, I‐309; 3, IL‐1β; 4, IL‐6; 5, IL‐8; 6, IL‐10; 7, RANTES; 8, TNFα. (c) Various cytokine levels in CM (2 h for TNFα, IL‐6 and 48 h for IL‐1β, GM‐CSF, IL‐8, IP‐10) of AML cells treated with or without rNM23‐H1 (100 ng/mL), were measured by sandwich ELISA. Error bars, SD.