. 2008 Feb 20;99(5):856–862. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00774.x

Table 1.

Non‐viral methods for in vivo gene transfer

Vector	Route of injection	Stimulus or additional treatment	Characteristics	References
Naked DNA	Extracellular space	None	Localized transgene expression	Muscle⁽ ¹⁵ , ¹⁷ ⁾, liver⁽ ¹⁶ , ¹⁷ ⁾, spleen, ¹⁷ ⁾, kidney⁽ ¹⁷ ⁾, brain⁽ ¹⁸ ⁾, tumor⁽ ¹⁹ , ²⁰ , ²¹ , ²² ⁾
Naked DNA	Extracellular space	None	High applicability to various targets
Naked DNA	Extracellular or intravascular space	Electric pulse	Localized transgene expression	Muscle⁽ ¹⁷ , ²⁶ ⁾, liver⁽ ¹⁷ , ²⁷ ⁾, spleen⁽ ¹⁷ ⁾, kidney⁽ ¹⁷ ⁾, tumor⁽ ²⁵ ⁾
			High applicability to various targets
			Possible tissue damage caused by electric pulses
Naked DNA	Extracellular or intravascular space	Ultrasound	Localized transgene expression	Tumor⁽ ²⁹ ⁾, carotid artery⁽ ³⁰ ⁾, femoral artery⁽ ³¹ ⁾
Naked DNA	Extracellular or intravascular space	Ultrasound	High applicability to various targets	Tumor⁽ ²⁹ ⁾, carotid artery⁽ ³⁰ ⁾, femoral artery⁽ ³¹ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Massage	Localized transgene expression	Liver⁽ ³² , ³³ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Massage	Applicability to other organs not reported	Liver⁽ ³² , ³³ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Occlusion of blood flow	Localized transgene expression	Liver⁽ ³⁵ , ³⁷ ⁾, diaphragm⁽ ³⁸ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Occlusion of blood flow	Surgery required for the occlusion	Liver⁽ ³⁵ , ³⁷ ⁾, diaphragm⁽ ³⁸ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Pre‐injection of cationic liposomes	Lung‐selective transgene expression	Lung endothelial cells⁽ ³⁶ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Pre‐injection of cationic liposomes	Reduced immunostimulatory response compared with DNA–cationic liposome complexes	Lung endothelial cells⁽ ³⁶ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Large volume injection at high speed	Extremely high transgene expression	Whole body⁽ ² , ⁴ , ³⁹ ⁾
Naked DNA	Intravascular space	Large volume injection at high speed	Possible tissue damage	Whole body⁽ ² , ⁴ , ³⁹ ⁾
DNA–cationic liposome complex	Extracellular or intravascular space	None	Low‐level transgene expression in vivo	Lung endothelial cells⁽ ⁴⁶ ⁾
DNA–cationic liposome complex	Extracellular or intravascular space	None	High induction of inflammatory cytokines upon administration	Lung endothelial cells⁽ ⁴⁶ ⁾
DNA–cationic polymer complex	Extracellular or intravascular space	None	Low‐level transgene expression in vivo	Lung endothelial cells⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾
DNA–cationic polymer complex	Extracellular or intravascular space	None	Concerns about cytotoxicity of cationic polymers	Lung endothelial cells⁽ ⁴⁵ ⁾