Table 1.
Diet and serum hormone levels in maternal and umbilical cord blood samples of 189 pregnant women
| Variables | Mean (SD) | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Diet at 29th week (per day) | ||
| Total energy (kcal) | 1 863 (270) | 1059–2560 |
| Total protein (g) | 66.1 (11.4) | 40.6–98.2 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 256 (38.8) | 153–363 |
| Total fat (g) | 61.3 (13.7) | 27.3–105.2 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g) | 18.9 (4.5) | 9.4–33.3 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 22.1 (4.5) | 9.1–41.0 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 12.8 (3.4) | 5.3–24.1 |
| n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 2.1 (0.7) | 0.6–6.4 |
| n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 10.7 (2.9) | 3.9–20.8 |
| Long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (mg) | 527 (387) | 30.5–2450 |
| Alcohol (mL) | 1.3 (2.6) | 0–33.4 |
| Hormone levels | ||
| 10th week | ||
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | 2 665 (1586) | 632–9090 |
| Estriol (ng/mL) | 5.7 (1.9) | 5.0–18.5 |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 55.7 (26.6) | 8–207 |
| 29th week | ||
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | 21 632 (7020) | 7390–38 000 |
| Estriol (ng/mL) | 89.7 (35.3) | 31.4–280 |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 54.3 (25.8) | 18–166 |
| Delivery | ||
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | 31 471 (9282) | 3960–67 300 |
| Estriol (ng/mL) | 239.6 (113.2) | 35.4–707 |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 90.0 (39.4) | 35–237 |
| Umbilical cord | ||
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | 5 926 (5164) | 554–41 300 |
| Estriol (ng/mL) | 2 129 (565) | 725–3860 |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 137.9 (31.2) | 70–250 |
| IGF‐1 (ng/mL) | 71.9 (25.5) | 19–150 |
IGF‐1, insulin‐like growth factor‐1.