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. 2007 Apr 12;98(6):767–771. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00455.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The mechanisms of action of trastuzumab. Direct activity (induction of apoptosis: phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase [PI3K]–Akt pathway) and antigen‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The mechanisms of resistance: Downregulation of p27, loss of PTEN activity and activation of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I signaling. Lapamycin, IGF‐binding protein‐3, proteosome inhibitor or LY294002 might restore the resistance of trastuzumab. ADCC, antigen‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; IGF, insulin‐like growth factor; NK, natural killer.