Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of healthy controls, hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers, and patients with HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who participated in this study
| Variables | Groups | Controls (n = 314) No. (%) | HBV carriers (n = 223) No. (%) | HCC patients (n = 244) No. (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 49.8 ± 5.3 | 49.2 ± 7.5 | 52.7 ± 9.1 |
| 20–29 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| 30–39 | 4 (1.3) | 21 (9.4) | 13 (5.3) | |
| 40–49 | 161 (51.3) | 99 (44.4) | 67 (27.5) | |
| 50–59 | 132 (42.0) | 83 (37.2) | 96 (39.3) | |
| 60–69 | 17 (5.4) | 19 (8.5) | 57 (23.4) | |
| 70–79 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 10 (4.1) | |
| Cigarette smoking | Never | 44 (14.0) | 45 (20.2) | 89 (36.5) |
| Ever | 219 (69.7) | 138 (61.9) | 131 (53.7) | |
| Unknown | 51 (16.2) | 40 (17.9) | 24 (9.8) | |
| Alcohol intake | Never | 7 (2.2) | 13 (5.8) | 3 (1.2) |
| Ever | 252 (80.3) | 169 (75.8) | 217 (88.9) | |
| Unknown | 55 (17.5) | 41 (18.4) | 24 (9.8) | |
| Liver cirrhosis | No | 314 (100.0) | 217 (97.3) | 37 (15.2) |
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 6 (2.7) | 207 (84.8) |
SD, standard deviation.