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. 2009 Oct 28;101(2):293–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01419.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

 Depiction of signal pathways regulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Selected signal pathways regulating E‐cadherin are schematized. Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β signals toward the SMAD pathway or the PI3K/AKT axis. Wnt ligands block β‐catenin degradation. Excess β‐catenin enters the nucleus and upregulates SLUG and SNAIL transcription. In integrin signaling, overexpression of ILK leads to nuclear translocation of β‐catenin. Signals via RTK lead to EMT through the Ras‐Raf‐MAPK pathway or the PI3K/AKT pathway. AKT, serine/threonine kinase; GSK‐3β, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β; H/E (Spl), Hairy and enhancer of split; ILK, integrin‐linked kinase; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; NF‐κB, nuclear factor‐κB; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; TGF‐βR, transforming growth factor‐β receptor.