Fig. 3. The decrease in carbon absorption in the mid-latitudes of the NH, mostly from grasslands and croplands, is the main driver for the reduced carbon absorption in extra-tropics, while tropical forests contribute more to increased net carbon uptake than semiarid regions or grasslands.

Annual NBE, GPP, TER, and fire emission anomalies in 2021 over forest, semiarid region, and crop land/grassland (the land cover type is based on MODIS IGBP 2020 land cover classification) in the tropics (A), the NH mid-latitudes (B), the NH high latitudes (C), and the SH mid-to-high latitudes (D) (unit: GtC/year). The inserted plots on each panel indicate the regions each panel illustrates. A negative ∆NBE corresponds to an increased net carbon uptake from the atmosphere, while a positive ∆GPP indicates increased productivity. Conversely, positive ∆TER and ∆fire values suggest more carbon released to the atmosphere.