Table 1.

Summary Statistics.

	Total sample		Ever ADC		Never ADC
Variable	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-Value	SD
Law enforcement personnel (per 1k)
Total	2.991	2.897	3.015	2.828	2.985	2.912	.437	0.007
Officers	2.104	1.673	2.195	2.230	2.084	1.523	.000	0.041
Civilians	0.923	2.002	0.847	0.880	0.940	2.172	.000	−0.040
Possessions (per 1,000 population)
Total	4.131	4.684	4.641	5.199	4.019	4.556	.000	0.090
Black	0.867	1.673	0.866	1.443	0.867	1.719	.964	0.000
White	3.205	3.905	3.701	4.609	3.096	3.724	.000	0.102
Possessions (per 1,000 officers)
Total	2,297	3,823	2,472	2,596	2,259	4,044	.000	0.044
Black	408	773	390	554	412	813	.031	−0.022
White	1,858	3,428	2,038	2,379	1,818.121	3,617	.000	0.051
Socio-economic
Population	88,071	263,272	170,817	494,292	69,925	170,614	.000	0.193
Pop Density	197.614	690.199	257.925	764.892	184.389	672.001	.000	0.072
% Age 15–24	13.815	3.768	14.376	3.954	13.691	3.714	.000	0.126
% Male	49.546	1.745	49.487	1.481	49.559	1.798	.001	−0.031
% Black	8.756	12.573	7.841	10.761	8.957	12.928	.000	−0.066
% White	88.029	13.355	87.646	11.966	88.113	13.640	.007	−0.026
Unemployment	6.107	2.750	6.024	2.583	6.126	2.785	.004	−0.027
% Rep. pres. votes	53.785	13.793	53.407	12.795	53.867	14.001	.010	−0.024
% Dem. pres. votes	41.344	12.568	42.623	11.870	41.063	12.699	.000	0.090