Table 1.
Characteristics of the whole analyses sample and stratified by ≥ 4 ANC visits or not
| Total | 0–3 ANC | ≥ 4 ANC | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 28,350 | N = 19,443 | N = 8,907 | |
| Women occupation | |||
| Farmer | 1,558 | 1,162 (74.58%) | 396 (25.42%) |
| Does not work outside home | 25,639 | 17,492 (68.22%) | 8,147 (31.78%) |
| Unskilled laborer/day labor or contracted laborer | 730 | 588 (80.55%) | 142 (19.45%) |
| Business or private or government service | 395 | 181 (45.82%) | 214 (54.18%) |
| Missing | 28 | 20 (71.43%) | 8 (28.57%) |
| Husband occupation | |||
| Farmer | 7,745 | 5,465 (70.56%) | 2,280 (29.44%) |
| Does not work outside home | 729 | 450 (61.73%) | 279 (38.27%) |
| Unskilled laborer/day labor or contracted laborer | 13,261 | 9,550 (72.02%) | 3,711 (27.98%) |
| Business or private or government service | 6,580 | 3,957 (60.14%) | 2,623 (39.86%) |
| Missing | 35 | 21 (60.00%) | 14 (40.00%) |
| Maternal age | |||
| 18 to 35 | 23,365 | 15,954 (68.28%) | 7,411 (31.72%) |
| Less than 18 | 4,315 | 2,966 (68.74%) | 1,349 (31.26%) |
| More than 35 | 668 | 521 (77.99%) | 147 (22.01%) |
| Missing | 2 | 2 (100.00%) | (0.00%) |
| Maternal Height (centimeter) | |||
| < 145 | 4,186 | 3,096 (73.96%) | 1,090 (26.04%) |
| ≥ 145 – <150 | 8,509 | 5,915 (69.51%) | 2,594 (30.49%) |
| ≥ 150 | 15,609 | 10,397 (66.61%) | 5,212 (33.39%) |
| Missing | 46 | 35 (76.09%) | 11 (23.91%) |
| Caste/Religion | |||
| Brahmin and Chhetri | 863 | 449 (52.03%) | 414 (47.97%) |
| Vaishya | 20,429 | 13,809 (67.60%) | 6,620 (32.40%) |
| Shudra | 4,431 | 3,368 (76.01%) | 1,063 (23.99%) |
| Muslim and other religions | 2,599 | 1,795 (69.07%) | 804 (30.93%) |
| Missing | 28 | 22 (78.57%) | 6 (21.43%) |
| Mother’s Education | |||
| No schooling | 19,360 | 14,434 (74.56%) | 4,926 (25.44%) |
| 1 to 5 years | 2,392 | 1,520 (63.55%) | 872 (36.45%) |
| More than 5 years | 6,569 | 3,468 (52.79%) | 3,101 (47.21%) |
| Missing | 29 | 21 (72.41%) | 8 (27.59%) |
| Wealth quintile | |||
| Poorest | 5,875 | 4,660 (79.32%) | 1,215 (20.68%) |
| Poorer | 5,753 | 4,171 (72.50%) | 1,582 (27.50%) |
| Middle | 5,640 | 3,825 (67.82%) | 1,815 (32.18%) |
| Richer | 5,545 | 3,504 (63.19%) | 2,041 (36.81%) |
| Richest | 5,518 | 3,269 (59.24%) | 2,249 (40.76%) |
| Missing | 19 | 14 (73.68%) | 5 (26.32%) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | |||
| Term: ≥ 37 weeks | 24,119 | 16,099 (66.75%) | 8,020 (33.25%) |
| Mildly preterm: 34–37 weeks | 3,059 | 2,347 (76.72%) | 712 (23.28%) |
| Moderately preterm: < 34 weeks | 1,169 | 994 (85.03%) | 175 (14.97%) |
| Missing | 3 | 3 (100.00%) | (0.00%) |
| Multiple births | |||
| Singleton | 28,120 | 19,274 (68.54%) | 8,846 (31.46%) |
| Twin/Triplet | 230 | 169 (73.48%) | 61 (26.52%) |
| Parity | |||
| No Prior Pregnant | 7,917 | 4,907 (61.98%) | 3,010 (38.02%) |
| Prior pregnancy but no live or stillbirth | 687 | 361 (52.55%) | 326 (47.45%) |
| Parity ≥ 1 | 19,591 | 14,062 (71.78%) | 5,529 (28.22%) |
| Missing | 155 | 113 (72.90%) | 42 (27.10%) |
| Interpregnancy interval | |||
| 18 to 36 months | 7,204 | 5,211 (72.33%) | 1,993 (27.67%) |
| Less than 18 months | 10,274 | 7,402 (72.05%) | 2,872 (27.95%) |
| More than 36 months | 2,942 | 1,911 (64.96%) | 1,031 (35.04%) |
| No Prior Pregnancy | 7,917 | 4,907 (61.98%) | 3,010 (38.02%) |
| Missing | 13 | 12 (92.31%) | 1 (7.69%) |
| Any Prior live birth (LB) died | |||
| Prior LB but not died | 15,772 | 11,276 (71.49%) | 4,496 (28.51%) |
| Prior LB died | 3,291 | 2,442 (74.20%) | 849 (25.80%) |
| Prior Pregnancy but no LB | 929 | 490 (52.74%) | 439 (47.26%) |
| No prior pregnancy | 7,917 | 4,907 (61.98%) | 3,010 (38.02%) |
| Missing | 441 | 328 (74.38%) | 113 (25.62%) |
| Any prior pregnancy ended in stillbirth (SB) | |||
| Prior pregnancy but no SB | 19,178 | 13,681 (71.34%) | 5,497 (28.66%) |
| Prior SB | 1,239 | 846 (68.28%) | 393 (31.72%) |
| No prior pregnancy | 7,917 | 4,907 (61.98%) | 3,010 (38.02%) |
| Missing | 16 | 9 (56.25%) | 7 (43.75%) |
| Gestational weight gains | 4 | 3 (96.06%) | 4 (108.17%) |
| Knowledge of conditional cash transfer program | |||
| No | 2,450 | 2,131 (86.98%) | 319 (13.02%) |
| Yes | 25,565 | 17,013 (66.55%) | 8,552 (33.45%) |
| Missing | 335 | 299 (89.25%) | 36 (10.75%) |
| Year of childbirth | |||
| 2010 | 378 | 314 (83.07%) | 64 (16.93%) |
| 2011 | 2,821 | 2,311 (81.92%) | 510 (18.08%) |
| 2012 | 3,013 | 2,299 (76.30%) | 714 (23.70%) |
| 2013 | 2,892 | 2,316 (80.08%) | 576 (19.92%) |
| 2014 | 5,820 | 3,984 (68.45%) | 1,836 (31.55%) |
| 2015 | 5,713 | 3,385 (59.25%) | 2,328 (40.75%) |
| 2016 | 7,270 | 4,581 (63.01%) | 2,689 (36.99%) |
| 2017 | 441 | 251 (56.92%) | 190 (43.08%) |
| Missing | 2 | 2 (100.00%) | (0.00%) |
| Fever | |||
| No | 25,256 | 17,288 (68.45%) | 7,968 (31.55%) |
| Yes | 2,987 | 2,075 (69.47%) | 912 (30.53%) |
| Missing | 107 | 80 (74.77%) | 27 (25.23%) |
| Tachycardia | |||
| No | 12,508 | 8,584 (68.63%) | 3,924 (31.37%) |
| Yes | 15,757 | 10,795 (68.51%) | 4,962 (31.49%) |
| Missing | 85 | 64 (75.29%) | 21 (24.71%) |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 26,996 | 18,447 (68.33%) | 8,549 (31.67%) |
| Yes | 1,274 | 936 (73.47%) | 338 (26.53%) |
| Missing | 80 | 60 (75.00%) | 20 (25.00%) |
| Poor appetite, nausea & vomiting | |||
| No | 14,559 | 10,397 (71.41%) | 4,162 (28.59%) |
| Yes | 13,709 | 8,984 (65.53%) | 4,725 (34.47%) |
| Missing | 82 | 62 (75.61%) | 20 (24.39%) |
| Respiratory problem | (0.00%) | ||
| No | 17,853 | 12,486 (69.94%) | 5,367 (30.06%) |
| Yes | 10,415 | 6,895 (66.20%) | 3,520 (33.80%) |
| Missing | 82 | 62 (75.61%) | 20 (24.39%) |
| Swelling (hands or face) | |||
| No | 26,790 | 18,440 (68.83%) | 8,350 (31.17%) |
| Yes | 1,479 | 942 (63.69%) | 537 (36.31%) |
| Missing | 81 | 61 (75.31%) | 20 (24.69%) |
| Sexually transmitted illness | |||
| No | 22,293 | 15,476 (69.42%) | 6,817 (30.58%) |
| Yes | 5,975 | 3,905 (65.36%) | 2,070 (34.64%) |
| Missing | 82 | 62 (75.61%) | 20 (24.39%) |
| Vaginal bleeding | |||
| No | 27,775 | 19,080 (68.69%) | 8,695 (31.31%) |
| Yes | 493 | 301 (61.05%) | 192 (38.95%) |
| Missing | 82 | 62 (75.61%) | 20 (24.39%) |
Note: LB: livebirth; SB: stillbirth
*
Morbidity symptoms in pregnancy are for presence at any time in either the 2nd and/or 3rd trimesters