Table 2.
Longitudinal risk factors for ≥ 4 ANC visits
| Crude Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women occupation | ||||
| Farmer | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Does not work | 1.31 ** | (1.17,1.46) | 0.91 | (0.81, 1.04) |
| Unskilled/day labor/contracted laborer | 0.76 ** | (0.62, 0.92) | 0.94 | (0.75, 1.18) |
| Business/private/government service | 3.16 ** | (2.52, 3.95) | 1.52 ** | (1.19, 1.93) |
| Husband occupation | ||||
| Farmer | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Does not work | 1.43 ** | (1.22, 1.66) | 1.14 | (0.96, 1.35) |
| Unskilled laborer/day labor or contracted laborer | 0.94 * | (0.88, 1.00) | 1.10 * | (102, 1.18) |
| Business/private service/government service | 1.54 ** | (144, 1.65) | 1.28 ** | (119, 1.39) |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||
| 18–35 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| < 18 | 0.96 | (0.90, 1.03) | 0.81 ** | (0.74, 0.88) |
| > 35 | 0.61 ** | (0.50, 0.73) | 0.77 * | (0.62, 0.96) |
| Maternal height (cm) | ||||
| < 145 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 145–150 | 1.25 ** | (1.15, 1.36) | 1.15 ** | (1.05, 1.26) |
| ≥ 150 | 1.42 ** | (131, 1.54) | 1.17 ** | (1.07, 1.27) |
| Caste/ethnicity | ||||
| Brahmin and Chhetri | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Vaishya | 0.52 ** | (0.46, 0.60) | 0.66 ** | (0.57, 0.77) |
| Shudra | 0.35 ** | (0.30, 0.40) | 0.56 ** | (0.47, 0.67) |
| Muslim and others | 0.48 ** | (0.41, 0.56) | 0.67 ** | (0.56, 0.80) |
| Women education (years) | ||||
| No schooling | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–5 | 1.64 ** | (1.50, 1.80) | 1.38 ** | (1.26, 1.53) |
| > 5 | 2.61 ** | (2–46, 2.78) | 1.79 ** | (1.66, 1.93) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Poorer | 1.41 ** | (1.30, 1.53) | 1.19 ** | (1.09, 1.31) |
| Middle | 1.77 ** | (1.63, 1.92) | 1.39 ** | (1.26, 1.52) |
| Richer | 2.14 ** | (1.97, 2.33) | 1.44 ** | (1.31, 1.59) |
| Richest | 2.56 ** | (2.35, 2.78) | 1.40 ** | (1.26, 1.55) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||||
| Term (≥ 37) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Mildly preterm (34–37) | 0.63 ** | (0.58, 0.68) | 0.67 ** | (0.61, 0.73) |
| Moderately preterm (< 34) | 0.38 ** | (0.32, 0.44) | 0.41 ** | (0.35, 0.49) |
| Multiple birth | ||||
| Singleton | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Twin/Triplet | 0.80 | (0.60, 1.07) | 1.20 | (0.88, 1.64) |
| Parity | ||||
| No Prior Pregnancy | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Prior pregnancy but no live or stillbirth | 1.47 ** | (1.26, 1.72) | 0.73 | (0.52, 1.04) |
| Parity ≥ 1 | 0.68 ** | (0.65, 0.72) | 0.66 ** | (0.61, 0.72) |
| Interpregnancy Interval (months) | ||||
| 18 to 36 months | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| < 18 | 1.01 | (0.94, 1.07) | 0.96 | (0.89, 1.03) |
| > 36 | 1.37 ** | (1.25, 1.49) | 1.31 ** | (1.19, 1.45) |
| No prior pregnancy | 1.49 ** | (1.40, 1.60) | - | - |
| Prior live birth (LB) died | ||||
| Prior LB but not died | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Prior LB died | 0.90 * | (0.82, 0.97) | 1.05 | (0.96, 1.15) |
| Prior pregnancy but no LB | 2.12 ** | (1.86, 2.42) | 2.14 ** | (15.7, 2.92) |
| No prior pregnancy | 1.45 ** | (1.37, 1.53) | - | - |
| Prior pregnancy ended in stillbirth (SB) | ||||
| Prior pregnancy but no SB | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Prior SB | 1.14 * | (1.01, 1.29) | 1.12 | (0.95, 1.32) |
| No prior pregnancy | 1.43 ** | (1.36, 1.51) | - | - |
| Conditional cash transfer program knowledge | 2.96 ** | (2.66, 3.30) | 2.26 ** | (2.01, 2.54) |
| Year of childbirth | 1.22 ** | (1.20, 1.23) | 1.19 ** | (1.17, 1.22) |
| Fever | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.98 | (0.90, 1.06) | 1.05 | (0.96, 1.15) |
| Tachycardia | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.01 | (0.96, 1.06) | 0.99 | (0.93, 1.04) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.78 ** | (0.69, 0.88) | 0.79 ** | (0.69, 0.90) |
| Respiratory problem | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.18 ** | (1.12, 1.24) | 1.12 ** | (1.06, 1.19) |
| Poor appetite, nausea & vomiting | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.29 ** | (1.23, 1.36) | 1.17 ** | (1.11, 1.24) |
| Vaginal bleeding | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.34 ** | (1.12, 1.61) | 1.35 ** | (1.11, 1.65) |
| Swelling of hands and face | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.25 ** | (1.13, 1.40) | 1.26 ** | (1.12, 1.41) |
| Sexually transmitted illness | ||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.19 ** | (1.12, 1.27) | 1.24 ** | (1.16, 1.33) |
Note:
**
p< 0.01,
*
p < 0.05
*
Morbidity symptoms in pregnancy are for presence at any time in either the 2nd and/or 3rd trimesters