FIG A1.

SHAP dependence plots on the basis of the holdout test set to show the effects of the top five contributing features on the prediction of 30-day Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or higher postoperative complications. A SHAP dependence plot is a scatter plot with each dot representing an operation in the holdout test set. The SHAP dependence plot could be used to visualize the relationship between values of a feature on the x-axis and SHAP values of that feature on the y-axis. The red vertical line in each plot indicates the cutoff value of a feature that separates the positive and negative SHAP values. For (A-E) the top five contributing features, SHAP values were positive and indicated the increased likelihood of complications when total hospital length of stays >13 in the past year, lymphocyte <10.6%, hemoglobin <9.1 g/dL, heart rate >103 beats/min, and/or percentage of abnormal laboratory test results >52% in the past 90 days. SHAP, Shapley additive explanations.