. 2024 Mar 29;134(1):163–178. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcae050

Table 1.

Taxonomic overview of taxa used in this study, with ploidy levels, reproductive mode, distribution and other notes compiled from Thompson (1997), Kurtto et al. (2010), Krahulcová et al. (2013), Sochor et al. (2015) and van de Beek (2021).

Subgenus	Section	Subsection	Series	Ploidy (2n)	Reproduction	Distribution	Notes, prominent species
Rubus	Rubus	Rubus	Nessenses	4x	Apo^nG	Europe	Hybridogenous taxa derived from R. idaeus and the Suberecti ancestor
			Rubus	3x, 4x	Apo^nG	Europe	Hybridogenous taxa derived predominantly from the Suberecti ancestor
			Alleghenienses	2x, 3x, 4x	Sex* + apo^nG	North America	–
			Canadenses	2x*, 3x	Sex* + apo^nG	North America	–
			Cuneifolii	2x, 3x, 4x	Sex* + apo^nG	North America	–
			Arguti	2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x	Sex* + apo^nG	North America	–
		Hiemales	Canescentes	2x	Sex	Europe, W Asia	Only R. canescens^A
			Radula	2x, 4x*	Sex + apo*	Europe, W Asia	Sexual diploids R. incanescens^A and R. dolichocarpus^A
			Discolores	(2x), 3x, 4x	(Sex) + apo^nG	Europe, W Asia	Sexual diploid R. ulmifolius agg.^A
			Rhamnifolii	4x	Apo^nG	Europe, W Asia	–
			Sylvatici	4x	Apo^nG	Europe, W Asia	–
			Sprengeliani	(3x*), 4x	Apo	Europe	–
			Anisacanthi	4x	Apo^nG	Europe	–
			Micantes	4x	Apo^nG	Europe, W Asia	–
			Vestiti	4x	Apo^nG	Europe	–
			Pallidi	4x	Apo^nG	Europe	–
			Hystrix	4x	Apo^nG	Europe	–
			Glandulosi	4x (5x)	Sex^Gs + apo^Ga	Europe, W Asia	Geographical parthenogenesis in tetraploids; most of the tetraploids traditionally treated as ‘R. hirtus agg.’; sexual diploid R. moschus^A; apomictic pentaploid R. nigricans
	Caesii	–	–	4x	Sex	Europe, Asia	Only R. caesius^A
Idaeobatus	Idaeanthi	–	–	2x (4x*)	Sex	Europe, Asia	In Europe only the diploid R. idaeus^A

*Samples with these properties were not used in this study.

^AExtant species ancestral for polyploid brambles (sexual ancestors; note that another two ancestors, ‘Suberecti’ and an unknown Caucasian species, are probably extinct; see main text).

^GaTaxa treated as ‘Glandulosi apomicts’ throughout the text.

^GsTaxon treated as ‘Glandulosi sexuals’ throughout the text and subdivided into 11 populations based on geographical origin.

^nGTaxa treated as ‘non-Glandulosi apomicts’ throughout the text.