Table 2.

Summary of techniques in the habit formation process, challenges, and potential solutions.

Habit formation	Challenges	Potential solutions
Intention and action control	Most of the explicit techniques still rely on users’ attention and frequently interact with the device, which demands high initiative	Applying implicit techniques to reduce the demand for users’ attention and motivation
	Identifying and defining unexpected events	Capturing contextualized data as historical records, which serve as a reference for identifying deviations from the norm or unusual data, enabling the inference of unexpected events
	Providing coping planning to deal with unexpected events	To achieve predictions and tailored recommendations, it is necessary to capture not only common data such as weather, location, time, and activity but also users’ physiological data, emotions, social relationships, and other relevant data
Developing association between cues and behaviors	Low user response to pushing notification	Just-in-time adaptive interventions
	The cue-behavior association is a fast, automatic, and subtle process	Establishing a stable repetition of implicit cues in the context, such as incorporating other types of cues and leveraging preexisting associations
Providing personalized response	Useful and meaningful data to enhance motivations and intentions to change behavior	Identifying the specific data points that hold significance for users and effectively predict users’ preferences is crucial for facilitating meaningful self-reflection and behavior change
Others	Data privacy	Developing effective techniques for tailored interventions and recommendations based on individuals’ preferences Addressing the need to present transparent information to raise awareness of data privacy
	Perceived inaccuracy	Improving sensor technology and processing algorithms to calibrate the accuracy of the tracking device Transparency design methods that explain device abilities and limitations could enhance user trust and calibrate user expectations
	Usability and comfort issues	Ideally, users should feel physically comfortable wearing and intuitive to use the device