Table 5.

Concentration of amino acids, hormones, and fatty acids in the bovine blood plasma

Categories	Bioactive compounds	Concentration	References
Essential amino acids (µg/g of amino acids)	Arginine	13.24−33	[75, 76]
	Isoleucine	10.75−33.5
	Histidine	4.65−42
	Leucine	15.20−93.4
	Lysine	9.21−74.7
	Methionine	3.28−8.6
	Phenylalanine	14.70−51.6
	Threonine	7.03−66
	Tryptophan	11.8−19.40
	Valine	22.26−67.3
Hormones (ng/mL in blood plasma)	INS	0.35 (puberty), 0.416−0.625 (pregnancy−lactation), 0.25−0.5 (5 d before the onset of lactation)	[77, 78]
	CORT	9 (pregnancy), 3−5 (lactation), 5 (5 d before the onset of lactation)	[79–81]
	P4	0.5−3.5 (lactation), 4.5−6.5 (5 d before the onset of lactation)	[81, 82]
	E1	3.5 (pregnancy), 0.05 (lactation)	[83]
	E2	0.55 (pregnancy), 0.025 (lactation), 0.5−0.8 (5 d before the onset of lactation)	[83]
	PRL	50 (5 d before the onset of lactation)	[78, 79, 84]
Fatty acids (µg/g of fatty acids)	Myristic acid (14:0)	7.7−10.2	[85–87]
	Palmitic acid (16:0)	120−209	[85–87]
	Palmitoleic acid (16:1)	25.4−58	[85, 86]
	Stearic acid (18:0)	154.6−188	[85–87]
	Oleic acid (18:1)	86.5−149.6	[85–87]
	Linoleic acid (18: 2n-6)	280.2−376	[85–87]
	Docosahexaenoic acid (n-3)	10.3−34.2	[85, 86]
	Arachidonic acid (n-6)	414−421	[85, 86]
	SFA	402−405	[85, 86]
	MUFA	141−174	[85, 86]
	PUFA	425−456	[85, 86]

CORT Cortisol, E1 Estrone, E2 17β-estradiol, INS Insulin, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid, P4 Progesterone, PRL Prolactin, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid, SFA Saturated fatty acid