(a) Chemical structure of polypeptides with different electrolytes. P1 more favorably induced (b) ER stress and (c) mtDNA release in BMDMs greater than did PTMA (strongly cationic) and PS (anionic) (n=3, mean±SD), ordinary one-way ANOVA. P1 improved (d) phagocytosis of EO771 breast cancer cells and (e) cross-presentation of the model antigen SIINFEKL-H2Kb to a greater extent than did PTMA or PS (n=3, mean±SD), ordinary one-way ANOVA. (f) Expression of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines was regulated by types of electrolytes and strength of cationic charges (n=3, mean±SD), ordinary one-way ANOVA.