(a) Chemical structure of cationic polypeptides with different amine-containing analogues. Cationic polypeptides including hydrophilic analogues and cyclic structures more favorably induced (b) ER stress and (c) mtDNA release in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) [n=3, mean±standard deviation (SD)], ordinary one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Cationic polypeptide tethered with a hydrophilic building block and cyclic structure increased (d) phagocytosis of EO771 breast cancer cells and (e) cross-presentation of the model antigen SIINFEKL-H2Kb (n=3, mean±SD), ordinary one-way ANOVA. (f) Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was affected by hydrophobicity of polypeptides and the chemical structure of amine-including analogues (n=3, mean±SD), ordinary one-way ANOVA.