Table 2.
Estimation of MDS-UPDRS scores using sensor-based data features and the presence of dystonia.
| Task | Accuracy (SD across folds) [range across folds] | Sensitivity (SD across folds) [range across folds] | Specificity (SD across folds) [range across folds] | F1-score (SD across folds) [range across folds] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDS-UPDRS | Finger-to-nose (Item 3.16) | 0.75 (0.18) [0.55–1.00] | 0.79 (0.28) [0.31–1.00] | 0.85 (0.13) [0.66–1.00] | 0.78 (0.27) [0.31–1.00] |
| Hand pronation/supination (Item 3.6) | 0.63 (0.17) [0.50–1.00] | 0.56 (0.17) [0.00–1.00] | 0.88 (0.12) [0.67–1.00] | 0.56 (0.35) [0.00–1.00] | |
| Leg agility (Item 3.8) | 0.81 (0.18) [0.38–1.00] | 0.65 (0.28) [0.07–1.00] | 0.85 (0.14) [0.53–1.00] | 0.65 (0.28) [0.07– 1.00] | |
| Toe tapping (Item 3.7) | 0.64 (0.19) [0.50–1.00] | 0.67 (0.37) [0.00–1.00] | 0.88 (0.12) [0.67–1.00] | 0.66 (0.37) [0.00–1.00] | |
| Gait (Item 3.10) | 0.78 (0.12) [0.55–1.00] | 0.79 (0.23) [0.11–1.00] | 0.92 (0.08) [0.70–1.00] | 0.79 (0.23) [0.11–1.00] | |
| DYSTONIA | Finger-to-nose (Item 3.16) | 0.91 (0.09) [0.72–1.00] | 0.83 (0.14) [0.58–1.00] | 0.91 (0.07) [0.79–1.00] | 0.85 (0.15) [0.58–1.00] |
| Hand pronation/supination (Item 3.6) | 0.94 (0.14) [0.50–1.00] | 0.91 (0.21) [0.25–1.00] | 0.94 (0.11) [0.62–1.00] | 0.92 (0.21) [0.25–1.00] | |
| Leg agility (Item 3.8) | 0.74 (0.25) [0.33–1.00] | 0.74 (0.38) [0.00–1.00] | 0.85 (0.19) [0.50–1.00] | 0.73 (0.38) [0.00–1.00] | |
| Toe-tapping (Item 3.7) | 0.80 (0.24) [0.37–1.00] | 0.80 (0.37) [0.05–1.00] | 0.87 (0.18) [0.52–1.00] | 0.80 (0.37) [0.00–1.00] | |
| Heel-toe alternate movement (Dystonia-provoking) | 0.85 (0.21) [0.41–1.00] | 0.87 (0.32) [0.11–1.00] | 0.92 (0.16) [0.56–1.00] | 0.87 (0.32) [0.11–1.00] | |
| Heel walking (Dystonia-provoking) | 0.76 (0.21) [0.33–1.00] | 0.77 (0.31) [0.00–1.00] | 0.86 (0.16) [0.50–1.00] | 0.79 (0.31) [0.00–1.00] | |
| Toe walking (Dystonia-provoking) | 0.60 (0.21) [0.54 -1.00] | 0.58 (0.38) [0.00–1.00] | 0.76 (0.12) [0.66–1.00] | 0.58 (0.38) [0.00–1.00] | |
| Straight walking (Item 3.10) | 0.66 (0.14) [0.59–1.00] | 0.73 (0.21) [0.39–1.00] | 0.80 (0.10) [0.69–1.00] | 0.71 (0.20) [0.39–1.00] |
Classification performance (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F-1 score) achieved by the ML-based estimation algorithms for the estimation of MDS-UPDRS scores using sensor-based data features (upper section) with corresponding MDS-UPDRS Item number, and the presence/absence of dystonia (lower section) clinical scores in each of the considered motor tasks. MDS-UPDRS item numbers are provided in parenthesis. Additional dystonia-provoking tasks were also used for the dystonia analysis.
SD, standard deviation.