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. 2023 Aug 27;82(7):892–912. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad100

Table 5.

Summary of studies investigating sensory acceptability of provitamin A-biofortified maize via hedonic score testing

Population, N Hedonic scale Varieties investigated Food product Acceptability resulta for biofortified food product Reference
Nursing mothers in Nigeria, N = 10 4-point

  • A0905-32

  • Common yellow maize (controlb)

 Porridge (40%–50% fermented maize flower, 20% malted maize flour, 25%–30% soybean flour, ± 10% sugar, ± 5% crayfish powder) Acceptable Alabi (2021)39
Trained panelists in rural subSaharan Africa, N = 10 9-point

  • ACR97TZL-CCOMP1-Y-S3-13-1-B-B-B-B-B-B-B/9450xKI 21-3-2-2-1-3-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B

  • (GT-MAS: Gk x BABANGOYO x GT-MAS: Gk)-2-1-3-1-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B/(MP420 x 4001 x MP420)-3-1-2-1-B-B-B-

  • (KU1409/KU1414-SR/KVI43)-S2-4-1- BB/4001xB73LPAx4001-33-2-1-B*4

  • (KU1409/KU1414-SR/NC298)-S2-8-1-BB/9450xKI21-1-5-3 2-2-B*5

  • (KU1409/KU1414-SR/NC298)-S2-7-1-BB/9450xKI21-7-3-1-2-4-B*4

  • (KU1409/KU1414-SR/KUI2007)-S2-3-2-BB/9450xKI21-1-5-2-1-2-B*5

  • 9450xKI21-7-2-1-2-B*4/KU1409xMO17LPAxKU1409-27-3-1-1-B*7

  • Oba Super-II

 Boiled after 20 d, 27 d, or 34 d of pollination Acceptable in maize after 20 d of pollination, not acceptable for the majority of varietals at 27 d and 34 d of pollination Alamu et al (2014)40
Adolescents and adults in rural South Africa, N = 59 5-point, facial

  • PVA pool A

  • PVA pool H

  • White hybrid (control)

 Phutu Acceptable Amod et al (2016)41
Adult consumers (farmers) in rural sub-Saharan Africa, N = 54 9-point

  • PVAH-62

  • White maize (control)

 Amahewu with wheat bran inoculum or malted maize inoculum, ± starter culture Not acceptable Awobusuyi et al (2016)42
Adult consumers in South Africa, N = 70 9-point

  • PVAH-62

  • White maize (control)

 Amahewu with roasted bambara flour Acceptable Awobusuyi and Siwela, (2019)43
Adult consumers in Ghana, N = 703 5-point

  • Orange maize

  • Yellow maize

  • White maize (control)

 Kenkey Acceptable Banerji et al (2015, 2018); De Groote et al (2010)44–46
Adult consumers in rural South Africa, N = 60 5-point

  • PVAH-27-49

  • PVAH-1-26

  • PVAH-50-75

  • PVAH-79-100

  • White maize (control)

 Stiff porridge Acceptable Beswa et al (2020)47
Adults in rural South Africa, N = 50 5-point

  • PVA

  • PVAH-27-49

  • PVAH-1-26

  • PVAH-50-75

  • PVAH-79-100

 Maize snack with 0%–3% amaranth Not acceptable Beswa et al (2016)48
Female caregivers in rural South Africa, N = 60 5-point

  • Deep orange maize

  • Medium orange maize

  • White maize (control)

 Porridge Acceptable Govender et al (2014)49
Adults in rural South Africa, N = 120 5-point, facial

  • White maize (WE-3172) (control)

  • PVA A

  • Phutu and chicken curry

  • Phutu and cabbage curry

  • Phutu and Bambara groundnut curry

 Acceptable Govender et al (2019)25
Adults in rural Zambia, N = 478 5-point

  • Prototype high provitamin A orange maize

  • Yellow maize (control)

  • White maize (control)

 Nshima Acceptable Meenakshi et al (2012)50
Secondary school children (N = 54) and adults (N = 50) in rural South Africa 5-point, facial

  • KP-78

  • KP-79

  • KP-77

  • Commercial white maize (SC-701) (control)

  • Phutu

  • Thin porridge

  • Samp

 Not acceptable Pillay et al (2011)51
Adolescents and adults (14 y–70 y) in urban Mozambique, N = 201 5-point

  • Orange maize

  • Isogenic white maize (control)

  • White maize (control)

 Nshimac Not acceptable Stevens and Winter-Nelson, (2008)38
a

Foods were considered acceptable if they had an overall sensory acceptability score of ≥70%.

b

Control refers to a nonbiofortified, non-industrially fortified, conventional crop.

c

In this study the food product was referenced as “Xhima.”