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. 2024 Jun 8;2:56. doi: 10.1038/s44271-024-00105-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Illustration of experimental factors movement and cue type. The transition between two sounds of different intensities (top, blue) or spectral shapes (bottom, red) creates the sensation of a moving sound source. Thick arrows represent a 50% transition probability for motion trials (dark = looming; light = receding), while thin circular arrows indicate a 50% probability for static trials. b Magnitude profile over time (top panel) and frequency (bottom panel) of all implemented stimuli. Filtering by the native spectral shape evokes a spatially externalized auditory percept⁴⁴. Sounds devoid of native spectral characteristics (flat spectrum) do not elicit this externalization, making sounds appear close to one’s ear.