Table 9.
Factors associated with antibiotic self-medication
| Author, year | Variables | AOR |
|---|---|---|
| Bogale et al., 2019 [25] | Age 18–30 | 8.45 (2.55, 27.96) |
| No education | 6.39 (1.45, 28.19) | |
| Low income | 2.55 (1.18, 5.50) | |
| Erku et al., 2017 [26] | Low educational status | 5.01 (2.62, 9.34) |
| Employed | 2.12, (1.81, 7.29) | |
| Unsatisfied with healthcare services provided | 5.41 (2.71, 14.21) | |
| Eticha et al., 2014 [27] | Protestant religion | 2.26 (1.19, 4.27) |
| Gebeyehu et al., 2015 [28] | < 25 years | 4.45 (1.54, 12.85) |
| 25–34 years | 2.73 (1.03, 7.24) | |
| Poor educational status | 4.21 (1.47, 12.07) | |
| Engaged with a regular job | 1.94 (1.13, 3.32) | |
| Unsatisfied with healthcare services | 3.51 (2.14, 5.78) | |
| Kassa et al., 2022 [30] | None of the socio-demographic factors tested in multivariable logistic regression were found to be associated with HCPs self-medication | |
| Ayana et al., 2021 [31] | Being male | 2.21 (1.276, 3.835) |
| residing in rural area | 3.659 (1.479, 9.054) | |
| holding diploma | 0.120 (0.025, 0.591) | |
| hold BSC degree | 0.050 (0.007, 0.378) | |
| being farmer | 0.034 (0.004, 0.285) | |
| Demissie et al., 2022 [32] | Being male | 1.53 (0.489, 0.869) |
| no health insurance scheme | 2.16 (0.274, 0.779) | |
| availability of some drugs in shop | 12.98 (0.017, 0.353) | |
| Simegn & Moges, 2022 [33] | Educational level (8–10 grade) | 4.10 (1.28, 13.12) |
| using mass media as a source of information | 2.23 (1.24, 4.27) | |
| relying on previous experience for source of information | 2.02 (1.23, 3.31) | |
| having awareness of antibiotics resistance | 2.45 (1.34, 4.50) | |
| good knowledge of antimicrobial resistance | 1.81 (1.11, 2.97) | |
| Dache et al., 2021 [34] | Being employed (adjusted | 3.45 (1.98, 6.02) |
| age 25–34 years | 2.89 (1.43, 5.84) | |
| being male | 1.90 (1.20, 3.02) | |
| seeking modern healthcare in private clinic | 2.54 (1.20, 5.36) | |
| delayed waiting time in healthcare facilities | 4.87 (2.17, 10.91) | |
| experienced with similar symptom/disease | 3.02 (1.89, 4.83) | |
| family size above five | 8.92 (3.56, 22.38) | |
| Mossa et al., 2012 [35] | Level of monthly income and educational status significantly influence pattern of antibiotics and antimalarial self-medication (P < 0.05) |