| Variable | Monitoring |
|---|---|
| Arterial blood gas concentrations and pH | Continuous by intra-arterial catheters Intermittent by portable devices |
| Cardiac output | Intraoesophageal probes, surface electrodes, or via radial arterial cannulas |
| Gastric mucosal carbon dioxide pressure (index of tissue perfusion) | Continuous through nasogastric catheter |
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