TABLE 3.
Cost Data for Infection
| Number | First Author | Year | Bones Involved | Complications | Cost Type | Time Horizon | Currency Year for Study | Cost | Cost in 2022 USD | Ratio Complicated to Uncomplicated |
| 1 | Iliaens et al. | 2021 | Humerus, femur, and tibia | Infection | Direct, Indirect | 4 y | Not specified | Direct: €47,845 (infection) €5983 (no infection) Indirect: €77,909 (infection) €19,706 (no infection) |
Direct: $54,213 (infection) $6779 (no infection) Indirect: $88,279 (infection) $22,329 (no infection) |
Direct: 8.0:1 Indirect: 4.0:1 |
| 2 | Galvain et al. | 2020 | Tibia | Infection | Direct | 2 y | Not specified (costs collected between 2003 and 2017; 2017/2018 software used in comparison with “NHS Reference costs” to generate costs) | £16,626 (infection) £9439 (no infection) |
$24,812 (infection) $14,086 (no infection) |
1.8:1 |
| 3 | Chitnis et al. | 2019 | Tibia | Infection | Direct | 2 y | 2017 | $140,227 (infection) $50,259 (no infection) |
$162,349 (infection) $58,188 (no infection) |
2.8:1 |
| 4 | Chitnis et al. | 2019 | Tibia | Infection | Direct | 2 y | 2017 | $82,306 (infection) $21,966 (no infection |
$95,290 (infection) $25,431 (no infection) |
3.8:1 |
| 5 | Jiang et al. | 2019 | Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, and tibia | Infection | Direct | 3 y | Not specified | $10,504 (post-traumatic) $2189 (nontraumatic) |
$11,732 (post-traumatic) $2445 (nontraumatic) |
4.8:1 |
| 7 | Hoekstra et al. | 2017 | Tibia | Infection | Direct | 2 y | Not specified (cost collected between 2009 and 2016) | €48,702 (infection) €9566 (no infection) |
$63,967 (infection) $11,690 (no infection) |
5.5:1 |
| 8 | Metsemakers et al. | 2017 | Tibia | Infection | Direct | 2 y | Not specified (cost collected between 2009 and 2016) | €44,468 (infection) €6855 (no infection) |
$54,341 (infection) $8377 (no infection) |
6.5:1 |
| 10 | Olesen et al. | 2016 | Tibia | Infection | Direct | 2 y | 2014 (converted from kroner to euros) | €81,155 (infection) €49,817 (no infection) |
$129,565 (infection) $79,533 (no infection) |
1.6:1 |
| 13 | Alt et al. | 2009 | Tibia | Infection | Direct, Indirect (without rhBMP-7) | 1 y | 2007/2008 | Direct: €399–€1259 Indirect: €43,624–€48,146 |
Direct: $781–$2465 Indirect: $85,414–$94,268 |
— |
| 15 | Beaver et al. | 1997 | Tibia | Infected Nonunion |
Direct | Average follow-up was 2.6 y | Not specified | $13,740 (infected nonunion) $9407 (noninfected nonunion) |
$24,280 (infected nonunion) $16,623 (noninfected nonunion) |
1.5:1 (nonunion) |